Download MINERALS

In the beginning…..
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MINERALS
Basic Building Blocks of Rocks
I. Introduction
A. Major Elements Found in the Earth’s Crust
A.
Major Elements Found in the Earth’s Crust
I. Introduction
A. Major Elements Found in the Earth’s
Crust
Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6%
I. Introduction
A. Major Elements Found in the Earth’s Crust
Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6 %
Silicon (Si)…………………………… 27.7%
I. Introduction
A. Major Elements Found in the Earth’s Crust
Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6 %
Silicon (Si)…………………………… 27.7%
Aluminum (Al)……………………... 8.1%
I. Introduction
A. Major Elements Found in the Earth’s Crust
Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6 %
Silicon (Si)…………………………… 27.7%
Aluminum (Al)……………………... 8.1%
Iron (Fe)……………………………... 5.0%
I. Introduction
A. Major Elements Found in the Earth’s Crust
Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6 %
Silicon (Si)…………………………… 27.7%
Aluminum (Al)……………………... 8.1%
Iron (Fe)……………………………... 5.0%
Calcium (Ca)………………………… 3.6%
I. Introduction
A. Major Elements Found in the Earth’s Crust
Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6 %
Silicon (Si)…………………………… 27.7%
Aluminum (Al)……………………... 8.1%
Iron (Fe)……………………………... 5.0%
Calcium (Ca)………………………… 3.6%
Sodium (Na)………………………… 2.8%
I. Introduction
A. Major Elements Found in the
Earth’s Crust
Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6 %
Silicon (Si)…………………………… 27.7%
Aluminum (Al)……………………... 8.1%
Iron (Fe)……………………………... 5.0%
Calcium (Ca)………………………… 3.6%
Sodium (Na)………………………… 2.8%
Pota. (K)……………………………... 2.6%
I. Introduction
A. Major Elements Found in the Earth’s
Crust
Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6 %
Silica (Si)…………………………… 27.7%
Aluminum (Al)……………………... 8.1%
Iron (Fe)……………………………... 5.0%
Calcium (Ca)…………………………
Sodium (Na)…………………………
Pota. (K)……………………………...
Magnesium (Mg)……………………
3.6%
2.8%
2.6%
2.1%
I. Introduction
A. Major Elements Found in the Earth’s
Crust
Oxygen (O)…………………………. 46.6 %
Silicon (Si)…………………………… 27.7%
Aluminum (Al)……………………... 8.1%
Iron (Fe)……………………………... 5.0%
Calcium (Ca)………………………… 3.6%
Sodium (Na)………………………… 2.8%
Pota. (K)……………………………... 2.6%
Magnesium (Mg)…………………… 2.1%
TOTAL 98.5%
Proportion of major elements making up the mass of the entire earth
I. Introduction
B. Chemical Bonding
I. Introduction
B. Chemical Bonding
1. Ionic
“transfer”
I. Introduction
B. Chemical Bonding
1. Ionic
“transfer”
I. Introduction
B. Chemical Bonding
1. Ionic
“transfer”
“the octet rule”
Compounds want to
behave like the Noble Gases
I. Introduction
B. Chemical Bonding
1. Ionic
“transfer”
I. Introduction
B. Chemical Bonding
1. Ionic
“transfer”
I. Introduction
B. Chemical Bonding
1. Ionic
“transfer”
I. Introduction
B. Chemical Bonding
1. Ionic
“transfer”
2. Covalent
“sharing
I. Introduction
B. Chemical Bonding
2. Covalent
“sharing
I. Introduction
B. Chemical Bonding
2. Covalent
“sharing
I. Introduction
B. Chemical Bonding
2. Covalent
“sharing
I. Introduction
B. Chemical Bonding
1. Ionic
“transfer”
2. Covalent
“sharing
3. Metallic
“mega-covalent”
II. What Is a Mineral?
II. What Is a Mineral?
A. naturally occurring
II. What Is a Mineral?
A. naturally occurring
B. inorganic
II. What Is a Mineral?
A. naturally occurring
B. inorganic
C. crystalline solid
II. What Is a Mineral?
A.
B.
C.
D.
naturally occurring
inorganic
crystalline solid
has a unique atomic structure and
definite chemical composition
III. Properties of Minerals
III. Properties of Minerals
A. Crystal Form
III. Properties of Minerals
A. Crystal Form
III. Properties of Minerals
B. Hardness : the mineral’s ability to
scratch, or be scratched.
III. Properties of Minerals
B. Hardness
III. Properties of Minerals
C. Luster: Light reflected from the surface
of a mineral
1. Metallic
2. Non Metallic
III. Properties of Minerals
C. Luster
III. Properties of Minerals
D. Streak
III. Properties of Minerals
D. Streak
III. Properties of Minerals
E. Cleavage: when minerals break along
repeated planes of weakness
III. Properties of Minerals
E. Cleavage
III.
E. Cleavage
III. Properties of Minerals
F. Fracture: when minerals break
irregularly
III. Properties of Minerals
G. Color
All are calcite!!!
III. Properties of Minerals
H. Specific Gravity
III. Properties of Minerals
I. Taste/Touch/Smell
salty
greasy
Pretty smelly!
III. Properties of Minerals
J. Magnetism
K. “Fizz” with HCl
IV. Mineral Types
IV. Mineral Types
A. Silicates
B. Non Silicates
IV. Mineral Types
A. Silicates
1. Single Tetrahedra
IV. Mineral Types
A. Silicates
1. Single Tetrahedra
IV. Mineral Types
A. Silicates
1. Single Tetrahedra
Ex: Olivine
IV. Mineral Types
A. Silicates
2. Double Tetrahedra (1 O shared)
Ex:
IV. Mineral Types
A. Silicates
3. Single Chain (2 O shared)
Ex: Pyroxene
IV. Mineral Types
A. Silicates
4. Double chain (2 and 3 O shared)
Ex: Amphibole
IV. Mineral Types
A. Silicates
5. Ring Structure ( and O shared)
Ex:
IV. Mineral Types
A. Silicates
6. Sheet Structure ( and O shared)
Ex: Mica
Biotite
Muscovite
IV. Mineral Types
A. Silicates
6. Sheet Structure ( and O shared)
Ex: Mica
IV. Mineral Types
A. Silicates
7. Framework Structure (4 O shared)
Ex: Quartz
Feldspars
IV. Mineral Types
A. Silicates
7. Framework
Structure (all 4 O
shared)
Ex: Quartz
SiO2
7. Framework Structure (all 4 O shared)
Ex: Feldspars (Al, Si, O) compounds
Na Plagioclase
Ca Plagioclase
K-Feldspar
“Orthoclase”
B. Non Silicates
1. Carbonates (CO3)
B. Non Silicates
1. Carbonates (CO3)
Calcite (CaCO3)
Dolomite Ca Mg (CO3)2
B. Non Silicates
2. Halides
Halite (NaCl)
Fluorite (CaF2)
B. Non Silicates
3. Oxides (O2)
Hematite (Fe2O3)
Limonite FeO(OH)
Magnetite (FeFe2O4)
B. Non Silicates
4. Sulfides (S)
Pyrite (FeS2)
Galena (PbS)
B. Non Silicates
5. Sulfates (SO4)
Gypsum CaSO4 * 2H2O
Variety: Alabaster
Variety: Selenite
Sulfer (S)
B. Non Silicates
6. Native elements
Diamond (C)
Graphite (C)
Gold (Au)
B. Non Silicates
6. Native elements
Copper (Cu)
Silver (Ag)