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Geology: Processes, Hazards, and Soils Chapter 10 “Civilization exists by geological consent to change without notice.” Will Durant Key Concepts Internal geologic processes External geologic processes Minerals, rocks and the rock cycle Earthquakes and volcanoes Soil structure and formation Soil conservation Geologic Processes Structure of the Earth Fig. 10-2 pg 204 Features of the Crust Fig. 10-3 p. 205 Plate Tectonics Internal Earth Processes Divergent boundaries Convergent boundaries Subduction zone Transform fault Ring of Fire Fig. 10-6 p. 208 Ring of Fire Natural Hazards: Earthquakes Features Magnitude Aftershocks Primary effects Fig. 10-9, p 210 Secondary effects Tsunami Meulaboh, Indonesia (Before) Tsunami Meulaboh, Indonesia (After) Tsunami Banda Aceh, Indonesia (Before) Tsunami Banda Aceh, Indonesia (After) Expected Earthquake Damage No damage expected Minimal damage Canada Moderate damage Severe damage United States Fig. 10-10, p 211 Natural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions extinct volcanoes central vent magma conduit magma reservoir Solid lithosphere Upwelling magma Partially molten asthenosphere Fig. 10-11, p 211 External Earth Processes Erosion Mechanical weathering Frost wedging Chemical weathering Minerals and Rocks Mineral (diamond, bauxite) Rock Types Igneous (granite, lava rock) Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone) Metamorphic (marble, slate) Transport The Rock Cycle Sedimentary Rock Deposition Shale, Sandstone, Limestone Erosion Heat, Pressure Weathering External Processes Internal Processes Igneous Rock Granite, Pumice, Basalt Heat, Metamorphic Rock Pressure Slate, Quartzite, Marble Magma (Molten Rock) Refer to Fig. 10-8 p. 210 Soils: Formation Soil horizons Soil profile Humus Immature soil O horizon Leaf litter A horizon Topsoil Regolith Bedrock B horizon Subsoil C horizon Young soil Parent material Mature soil Fig. 10-12, p 212 Soil Properties Fig. 10-17 p. 217 Water Water Infiltration Leaching Texture High permeability Low permeability Porosity/ 100%clay Fig. 10-16 permeability 0 p. 216 Structure Increasing 80 20 Increasing 40 percentage clay 60 percentage silt pH 40 60 20 80 0 100%sand 80 60 40 20 100%silt Increasing percentage sand Table 10-1 p. 216 Texture Nutrient Capacity Infiltration Water-Holding Aeration Capacity Tilth Clay Good Poor Good Poor Poor Silt Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Sand Poor Good Poor Good Good Loam Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Soils: Erosion Sheet erosion Rill erosion Gully erosion Global Soil Erosion Areas of serious concern Fig. 10-19, p 218 Areas of some concern Stable or nonvegetative areas Soils: Degradation Desertification Evaporation Evaporation Transpiration Salinization Waterlogging Waterlogging Less permeable clay layer Fig. 10-22, p 221 Solutions: Soil Conservation Conventional-tillage Conservation tillage Cropping methods Windbreaks Land Classification Soil Restoration Organic fertilizer Animal manure Green manure Compost Crop rotation Commercial inorganic fertilizer
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