Download BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION

BACTERIA
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BACTERIOLOGY
J. ALEJANDRO BRAMBILA C. . D. ED.
MICROBIOLOGY
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MICROBIOLOGY
&
PARASITOLOGY
MICROBIOLOGY
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Microbiology
BACTERIOLOGY
VIROLOGY
MICOLOGY
PARASITOLOGY
PARASITOLOGY
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ENTAMOEBAS
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PROTOZOA.
MALARIE
PARASITOLOGY
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HELMINTHES
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MATAZOARIOS
ARTHROPODS
bacteriology
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BACTERION MEANS =
ROD = “ CANE “
PHENOTYPIC CLASSIFICATION
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MICROSCOPIC
MACROSCOPIC
BIOTYPING
SEROTYPING
ANTIBIOGRAM PATTERNS
PHAGE TYPING
BACTERIAL
CLASSIFICATION
GRAM STAIN :
(+) POSITIVE (blue)
&
(-) NEGATIVE (red)
GRAM STAIN
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1880 DANES CHRISTIAN GRAM
4 STEPS :
1.- POUR ON CRYSTAL VIOLET 60 “
2.- WASH OFF WATER & FLOOD
IODINE SOL. 60 “
3.- WASH OFF WATER AND THEN
“DECOLORIZE “ WITH 95 % ALCOH.
4.- COUNTER STAIN WITH SAFRANIN 30 “
AND WASH OFF WITH WATER.
WHY ARE GRAM (+) OR (-) ?
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PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER :
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(+) = VERY THICK
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(-) = VERY THIN
MAJOR DIFERENCES GRAM (+) &
(-)
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(+ )
PEPTIDOGLYCAN 60-100 %
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ENDOTOXIN
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(-)
5-10 %
NO
YES (LPS)
except Listeria
EXCEPTIONS TO GRAM
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1.- MYCOBACTERIUM : ACID –FAST
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2.- SPIROCHETES
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3.- MYCOPLASMA : NO CELL WALL
: DARK FIELD
BACTERIAL CLASS.
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BY THE SHAPE :
COCCI , BACILLI,
CURVED , SPIRAL
BACTERIAL CLASS.
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AEROBIC
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ANAEROBIC
AEROBIC GRAM (+) COCCI
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CATALASE (+) : STAPHYLOCOCCUS
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CATALASE (-) : STREPTOCOCCUS
AEROBIC GRAM (+) BACILLI
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CORYNEBACTERIUM
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NOCARDIA
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MYCOBACTERIUM
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LISTERIA
AEROBIC GRAM (-)
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NEISSERIA
SALMONELLA
ESCHERICHIA
VIBRIO
HELICOBACTER
BRUCELLA
ANAEROBIC GRAM (+)
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PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS
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CLOSTRIDIUM
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LACTOBACILLUS
ANAEROBIC GRAM (-)
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VEILLONELLA
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BACTEROIDES
MISCELLANEOUS BACTERIA
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MYCOPLASMA
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TREPONEMA
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CHLAMYDIA
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RICKETTSIA
BACTERIAL STRUCTURE
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EUKARYOTES = GREEK FOR “ TRUE
NUCLEUS” : CELLS FROM ANIMALS ,
PLANTS AND FUNGI.
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PROKARYOTES = GREEK FOR
“ PRIMITIVE NUCLEUS” : BACTERIA
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MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS
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CHARACT.
EUKARYO. PROKARIO.
Major groups alga, fungi,
bacteria
plants,animals
Size
> 5 micro
0.5–3 micro
Nuclear struct.
nucleus
classic membr. No nuclear
membrane
Major charact.
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chromosomes strands DNA single DNA
diploid genome haploid
Cytop. Structures.
Mitochondria present
absent
Golgi bodies present
absent
Endoplasmic retic. present
absent
Ribosomes
80S
70 S
Major character.
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Cytoplasmic memb.
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Cell wall
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Reproduction
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Respiration
Sterols
no sterols
absent (chitin) protein. lipids & peptidoglycans
sexual &
asexual (binaasexual
ry fission)
via mitochondria
via cytop.
memb.
BACT. METAB.
AUTOTR
-OPHIC
CO2
PHOTO- CO2
SINTHETIC
BACTERIAL
OXID.
OF
INORG.
INORGA
-------COMPO-NIC
UNDS
INORGA SUNH2S OR
-NIC
LIGTH
H2
O2 REQUIREMENTS
MICROAEROPHILIC
LOW O2
CAMPYLOBAC
-TER
HELICOBACTER.
FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBES
WILL RESPIRE
AEOROBIC
AND ANAEROBIC
MOST
BACTERIA
I.E., ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
O2 REQ.
AEROTOLERANT
ANAEROBES
WHICH
TOLERATE
O2
ACTINOMYCES
OBLIGATE
ANAEROBES
1.- NO
BACTEROIDES
SUPEROXIDASE
CLOSTRIDIUM
2.- NO
ACTINOMYCE
CATALASE
BACTERIAL METABOLISM
PHYSIO. CARBON
TYPE
SOURCE
NITROGEN
SOURCE
ENERGY
SOURCE
HETEROTRO
PHIC
ORGANIC OR
INORGA
-NIC
OAXIDA
TION OF
ORGAN. -------COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC
HYDROGEN
SOURCE.
O2 REQUIREMENTS
CLASSIFICATION
CHARATERISTICS
KEY
OBLIGATE
AEROBES
REQUIRE O2
NO
FERMENTATIVE PATHWAYS
PRODUCE
SUPEROXIDE
MYCOBACTERIUM
PSEUDOMONAS
Bacterial metabolism
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pH :
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Neutrophil
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Acidophil
3
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Alkalophil
10.5
6–8
Bact. Metab.
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Temperature :
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Psicrophil : 15 – 20
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Mesophil : 30 – 37
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Termophil : 50 – 60
Bact. Metab.
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Osmotic presion : osmophil ( hight )
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Saline concentration : halophil ( hight )
Cell structures
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1.- flagella
2.- pili (fimbriae)
3.- capsules
4.- slime layer
4-.- spores ( some gram + )
Bact. Struct.
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Flagella types :
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Peritrics
Monotrics
lophotrics
amphitrics
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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PERIODS OR STAGES:
1.- INCUBATION
2.- PRECLINICAL (PRODROME )
3.- INVASION (DEVELOPMENT
COMPLETE)
4.- ACME (MAXIM POINT)
5.- DECLINE : RECOVERY OR
CONVALESCENCE
Facultative intra cellular organisms
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1.- listeria
2.- salmonella
3.- yersinia
4.- francisella
5.- brucella
6.- legionella
7.- mycobacterium
BACTERIAL PORT OF ENTRY
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1.- INGESTION : SALMONELLA ,
SHIGELLA, BRUCELLA.
2.- INHALATION : MYCOBACTERIUM,
STREPTOCOCCUS.
3.- TRAUMA :
CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
ENTRY
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4.- NEEDSTICK : STAPHYLOCOCCUS,
PSEUDOMONAS.
5.- ARTHROPOD BITE : RICKETTSIAS,
BORRELIA.
6.- SEXUAL TRANSMISION :
N. GONORRHOEAE
CHLAMYDIA, TREPONEMA .
PATHOGENIC ACTIONS
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1.- TISSUE DESTRUCTION : ENZIMES.
2.- TOXIN PREFORMED : SYMPTOMS
OCUR MUCH SOONER.
3.- ENDOTOXIN : DIC
4.- EXOTOXIN : TETANUS
5.- SUPERANTIGEN : TSST (S. aureus)
ERITHROGENIC
( Scarlet fever )
PATHOGENIC INFECTION
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1.- NORMAL FLORA (COLONIZED )
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2.- VIRULENT BACTERIA
( INFLAMATORY RESPONSES)
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3,.- OPPORTUNISTIC BACTERIA
(IMMUNODEFICIENCY)
DETERMINANT FACTORS
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A.- BACTERIAL STRAIN
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B.- INOCULUM SIZE : SHIGELLA : 200
VIBRIO or
CAMPYLOBACTER
100 000 000
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PATHOGENIC INFECTION
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PATH. VIRULENCE MECHANIMS :
1.- ADHERENCE
2.- INVASION
3.- TOXIN .
4.- ENDOTOXIN
5.- INDUCTION OF INFLAMATION
6.- EVASION OF PHAGOCITIC
CAPSULE
7.- RESISTENCE OF ANTIBIOTICS
PATHOGENIC INF.
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ENDOTOXIN :
1.- FEVER
2.- LEUKOPENIA FOLLOWED OF
LEUKOCYTOSIS
3.- ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT
4.- THROMBOCYTOPENIA
5.- DIC .
6.- SHOCK .
7.- DEATH.
PATHOGENIC INF,
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1.- STRICT PATHOGENS : T.B. ,
GONORRHEA , MALARIA , RABIES.
2.- OPPORTUNISTIC :
STAPHYLOCOCCUS,
ESCHERICHIA ,
CANDIDA