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Unit 9: Classification Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Introduction • Classification – is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Taxonomy • Scientists classify the diverse number of organisms on the planet in order to learn and study from them. • Taxonomy is the field of biology that identifies (gives organisms a name) and classifies organisms based on shared characteristics. • Carolus Linnaeus – Swedish biologist who in the mid-1700’s developed the biological system of classification with 7 taxonomic levels • (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, & species). Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Binomial Nomenclature • Genus species – in Latin • They use Latin because it is universal (worldwide) and it is not widely spoken and, therefore, the meanings of the word are not likely to change. – italics. – Genus name is written first and is capitalized. – Species name is written second and is NOT capitalized. • Correctly written scientific names – Homo sapien sapiens (modern man) – Felis domesticus (common housecat) Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Purpose for Classification 1. A Latin name eliminates confusion caused by common name differences. – EX: crayfish, crawdad, mudbug are all common names for…. – Cambarus bartoni Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Purpose for Classification 2. Classification organizes large amounts of information into manageable levels. 3. Classification also reveals (or shows) evolutionary relationships between organisms. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Modern Levels of Classification • Domain is the most recently added 8th taxonomic level, which is even more inclusive than a kingdom. • Video Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Levels of Classification • Kingdom is the second level. (EX Plants or Animals) http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/139427_Five_Kingdoms.jpg • These organisms have similar characteristics such as: cell structure, level of specialization and method of obtaining nutrients. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Levels of Classification • Species is the LAST, most specific unit of classification where members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Dichotomous Key • special guides to help identify organisms. • consists of several pairs of descriptive statements Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Review of Ecology - Energy Flow • All life depends on energy in order to function and survive. • The cells in your body are constantly using energy. • The source of all energy on Earth is the sun. http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photos/podsunrises-sunsets/victoria-coast-sunset_pod_image.html; Photograph by R. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Ian Lloyd Producers/Autotrophs • Organisms that capture energy from sunlight are called autotrophs (they automatically make their own food) – EX plants & bacteria • All other organisms somehow depend on the producers for food. Producers http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Consumers/Heterotrophs • Organisms that have to eat are • Types: – Herbivores – obtain energy by eating plants. (manatee) – Carnivores – obtain energy by eating animals. (sharks) – Omnivores – obtain energy by eating both plants and animals (humans, bears) – Detritvore – obtain energy by eating dead plants & animals – Decomposers – obtain energy by breaking down organic matter (bacteria, fungi) Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Feeding Relationships Food chains show the pathway for the transfer of energy. A producer always starts a food chain. Arrows show where the energy goes (from the grass, to the grasshopper) Sketch the EX in your notes. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Feeding Relationships • Food webs are the interconnected food chains in a community. • They usually show more detailed relationships. • Snakes eat how many types of organisms? (Follow Arrows) • Many organisms in a food chain can eat more than one type of food. • Many organisms are also food source for more than one organism. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Energy (Ecological) Pyramids • show how energy moves through an ecosystem. • Producers are always at bottom (closest to the sun with the most energy). • Animals gain only a partial amount of energy from the food they eat (10%) • 90% is given off as heat. http://www.etap.org/demo/biology_files/lesson6/kep26.jpg Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Kingdom Monera • Under Domains Bacteria and Archaea • Prokaryotes – no nucleus – No membrane organelles • Unicellular • DNA in a plasmid (circular loop) • Three shapes: rod, speherical, spiral • Reproduction = binary fission • Phyla – Cyanobacteria – Archaebacteria – Eubacteria (E. coli) – Prochorobacteria Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Bacteria • Unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus!) • The microscopic bacteria live in the soil, in water, and in and on the human body! http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/encommons/thumb/6/6d/320px-Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg.png • Some bacteria is used to convert milk to yogurt and another causes pneumonia. Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Archaebacteria • Ancient unicellular prokaryotes • autotrophs • live in very extreme environments (hot volcanic springs, black organic mud, etc) • some can only survive in the absence of oxygen! • This Yellowstone spring is 194°F! Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Kingdom Protista • Single and Multicellular Eukaryotes (nucleus & organelles) • Some autotrophs and some heterotrophs • Phyla – Rhizopoda (amoeba) – Actinopoda (protozoan) – Foraminifera (plankton) – Apicomplexa (plasmodium) – Ciliophora (paramecium) – Zoomastigophora (flagellate) Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Kingdom Fungi • Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes • cell walls of chitin • Decomposing heterotrophs – they do not use photosynthesis to create food! • Phyla – Chytridiomycota – Zygomycota (black bread mold) – Ascomycota (yeast, molds) – Basidiomycota (mushrooms) Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Kingdom Plantae • Plants are complex multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls and create their food using photosynthesis (thus the green color!). • Non-motile (do not move) • Phyla – Anthophyta (flowering plants) – Coniferophyta (cone-bearing plants) – Pteridophyta (ferns) – Bryophyta (moss) Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg Kingdom Animalia • • • The kingdom Animalia contain multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs. At the microscopic level, animal cells are different because they do NOT have cell walls. Phyla – Annelida (earthworms) – Nematoda (roundworms) – Platyhelminthes (flatworms) – Porifera (sponges) – Chordata – – – – • • Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: shark, sting rays) Class Osteicthyes (bony fish: catfish, salmon) • • • Aves (birds) Reptilia (reptiles) Mammalia • • • Class Gastropoda (snails) Class Bivalva (clams, oysters) Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopus) • • • Class Insecta Class Crustacea (crab, lobster, shrimp, crawfish) Class Arachnida (spiders) • • • Class Asteroidea (sea stars) Class Echinoidea (sea urchin, sand dollar) Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) • • Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish) Class Anthozoa (coral, sea anemones) Mollusca Arthropoda Echinodermata Cnidaria Background Image: http://www.funny-potato.com/images/animals/jellyfish/jellyfish.jpg