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Chapter 18 The Classification of
Organisms
Organizing and classifying living
things
http://diginthehumanities.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/zits-taxonomy.gif
Taxonomy
• 1. Species: a group of individuals capable of
interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
• 2. a science that involves the naming and
classifying of living organisms
• .
http://www.solaster-mb.org/mb/images/dyrynda-matrix-comb-1-wl.JPG
Binomial Nomenclature
• Developed by Carlos
Linnaeus
• Two Word system for
naming organisms
• Universal!
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Scientific Name
http://wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/binomialNomenclature.gif
• A. genus-similar
species
• B. species-basic
biological unit
• C. Genus
capitalized, species
lower case
• Example: Homo
sapien
Advantages
• A. many common nameseliminates confusion.
• B. every species has its
own scientific name.
• What animal is this ?
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–
–
–
–
puma
Mountain lion
Cougar
Panther
Felis concolor
Eliminates Confusion!
http://www.netaxs.com/~mhmyers/cdjpgs/robin4.jpg
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/D.Jefferies/bird/collection/med/robins.jpg
Classifying Species into Large
Groups
• 1. Taxa (taxon)- a
group or level of
organization to which
an organisms are
classified.
• Classification System
**based on
shared characteristics
• Kingdom- group of
phylum
What’s in a Kingdom
•
•
•
•
•
•
B. phylum- a set of classes
C. class- a set of orders
D. order- a group of families
E. family- a group of genuses
F. genus
G. species
http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/human.jpg
Make up a saying!
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
King
Phil
Came
Over
For
Good
Spaghetti
kingdom
phylum
Class
order
family
genus
species
Hybrids
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/08/images/050804_ligers.jpg
http://www.arkanimals.com/GRAPHICS/ARK/Dumped.jpg
http://www.sfcmuseum.org/images/mules%20wagon.jpg
Coy-dogs? No Coy-Wolf
http://naturalunseenhazards.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/coywolf1.jpg
Western Coyote- moved
east.
Great Lakes Wolf
population- almost
hunted to extinction
The two population
interbreed to create the
Eastern Coyote:
Not afraid of humans
Hang out in family units
http://adirondackexplorer.org/out-takes/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/web-skulls.jpg
Review Questions
• 1. What is the science of naming and
classifying organisms called?
• 2. What is binomial nomenclature?
• 3. How are scientific names written?
• 4. What are the advantages of using
scientific names vs. common names?
5. What is the order in which organisms are
classified? Start with kingdom, …
18.2 Modern Evolutionary
Classification
• Phylogeny- the
evolutionary history of
lineages.
• Common Ancestor members are placed in
taxa based on relatedness.
• Clade- a group of species
that includes a single
common ancestor and all
descendants of that
ancestor.
What is a
Cladogram?
• Cladograms- links
groups of organisms
by showing how
evolutionary lines, or
lineages, branched
from a common
ancestor.
Derived Characteristics
• 1. a trait that arose in the
most recent common
ancestor of a particular
lineage and was passed a
long to its descendants.
• 2. Which are derived
characteristics of a
coyotes and lions?
–
–
–
–
4 limbs
Hair
Specialized teeth
Retractable claws
Reading Cladograms
– This cladogram shows a simplified
phylogeny of the cat family.
DNA in Classification
• DNA comparisons
help make
evolutionary trees
more accurate.
• For Example:
– African Vulture
– American Vulture
– Storks
http://wildlifeofnorthamerica.info/BNA/TkVu_086A_4x6_024224.jpg
http://www.sch.im/wlp/large%20images/stork.jpg
http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/mraz/african-white-backed-vulture-05a16063.jpg
18.3 Building the Tree of Life
The Tree of All Life
DOMAIN: the largest of the
classification categories
•
1.
2.
3.
THERE ARE 3 DOMAINS:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
The differences between these Domains are
based upon cell type: prokaryotic vs.
eukaryotic
Domain Bacteria
• 1. Prokaryotic
• 2. Unicellular
• 3.No nucleus or
membrane bound
organelles
• 4. Have cell walls
made of peptidoglycan
Domain Archaea
• Are prokaryotic
• Are unicellular
• Look like bacteria but have a different type
of cell wall and cell membrane
• They can live in “extreme” environments
Domain Eukarya
• All organisms that have a nucleus.
– Kingdoms:
•
•
•
•
Protista
Fungi
Plantea
Animalia
Kingdom Protista in the Domain
Eukarya
1. Eukaryotic
•
• 2. Unicellular
• 3. Membrane-bound
nucleus and organelles
• 4.Protozoa-animal-like
protists
• 5. Some
photosynthetic (red,
green, brown and
multicellular algea in
protista.
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/GIFs/protists.jpg
http://www.ianskipworth.com/photo/pcd1742/kelp_forest_15_4.jpg
Kelp forest:brown algae
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Kingdom Fungi: in the Domain
A. Eukaryotic
Eukarya
•
• B. molds, yeasts, and
mushrooms.
• C. Parasites and
decomposers
• D. both unicellular and
multicellular
• E. have enzymes and
digest materials
outside then absorb it.
• Cell wall-composed of
chitin
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Pharmacology/dc-bits/fungi-pics1-04m.jpg
Kingdom Plantae- in the Domain
Eukarya
A. Eukaryotic
•
• B. Cell wall-composed
of cellulose
• C. Multicellular
• D. tissue and organ
specialization
• E. lack movement
• F. Photosynthetichave chloroplasts &
can make their own
food
http://www.photo.net/photo/pcd2488/maple-trees-12.4.jpg
Kingdom Animalia- in the Domain
Eukarya
A. Eukaryotic
•
• B. All multicellular
• C. more organisms in
this kingdom than any
other.
• Levels of organization
are present:
–
–
–
–
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ system
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Animals continued
• E. Heterotrophs-have
to eat food
• Invertebrates- no
backbone(insects,
worms, Mr.Via)
• Vertebrates-have
backbones(fish,
snakes, and humans.)
• Sexual reproduction is
more common.