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Kingdom Monera
BACTERIA &
BLUE-GREEN ALGAE
C
Kingdom Monera: The Prokaryotes
BACTERIA
- single-celled prokaryotes
- among the simplest forms of living
things
- w/ few organelles or specialized
cell structures
- believed to be the most abundant
organism on earth
Bacterial Structure:
FLAGELLUM- long and slender
appendage; for locomotion
CELL WALL- provides rigidity,
protection and identification
CAPSULE/ SLIME LAYERcontributes in protection and
virulence
Bacterial Structure:
CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE- controls
what enters and exits the cell
NUCLEAR REGION- carries genetic
information
RIBOSOMES- involved in protein
synthesis
Bacterial Structure:
PILI/ FIMBRIAE- shorter appendages
which confer adhesive properties
MESOSOMES- large infoldings of cell
membrane; increase surface area
ENDOSPORES- highly resistant body
formed during extreme conditions
Bacterial Shapes
1. Bacillus – rodshaped
2. Coccus – sphereshaped
3. Spirillum – spiralshaped
Staphylococcus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Spirochetes
Bacterial Reproduction:
a. Binary Fission
asexual reproduction in which
a bacterium replicates its
chromosomes and divide into two
b. Budding
asexual reproduction in which an
outgrowth develops into another
individual
Bacterial Reproduction:
c. Spore formation/ sporulation
formation of endospores which
are resistant to unfavorable
conditions
d. Conjugation
A bacterium transfers some DNA to
another bacterium, thus changing
the genes of the latter
Examples
Pathogenic bacteria
1. Streptococcus pyrogene – sore
throat
2. Clostridium botulinum – paralysis
due to food poisoning
3. Treponema pallidum – syphyllis
Beneficial bacteria
1. Escherichia coli – colon
bacterium
2. Rhizobium sp.- nitrogenfixing bacterium
Nutrition:
A. Autotrophic – make their own
food from inorganic
substances
• Photosynthetic – contains
chlorophyll
• Chemosynthetic – make their
own food by using energy from
chemical reactions involving
sulfur, iron, and nitrogen
Nutrition:
B. Heterotrophic – obtain
organic matter from their
environment for food
• Saprophytic – feed on
dead organic matter
• Parasitic – feed on other
living things
Conditions for Bacterial
Growth
 Nutritional requirement
 Temperature
 Moisture
 Exposure to sunlight
 Chemicals
Significance of Bacteria
 Food industry
 Medicine
 Leather tanning
 Agriculture
 Decomposition of living things
 Some can cause diseases
Some Bacterial Diseases
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Rheumatic fever
Gonorrhea
Pneumonia
Meningitis
Diphtheria
Thypoid fever
Bubonic plague
Tetanus
Tuberculosis
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Anthrax
Food poisoning
Leprosy
Diarrhea
Conjunctivitis
Sore throat
Tonsillitis
Gas gangrene
Whooping cough
SPIROCHAETES
- spiral-shaped, w/o a rigid
cell
wall and move by
rotating, corkscrew
motion
- causes syphilis, yaws,
pinta, infectious jaundice
MYCOPLASMAS/ PPLO
- smallest known organisms
that are capable of growth
& reproduction outside of
living host cells
- causes primary atypical
pneumonia in humans
RICKETTSIAE
- obligate intracellular
parasites
- cause typhus fever,
Q fever, Rocky Mountain
spotted fever, Trench fever
Tsutsugamushi fever
THE
ARCHAEOBACTERIA
Comparison of Viruses and Bacteria
nucleus
present
metabolism
response to
stimuli
multiply
evolve
Virus
No
Bacteria
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
BLUE-GREEN ALGAE
 prokaryotic
 unicellular: colonial or
filamentous
 w/ chlorophyll, phycocyanin or
phycoeryhtrin
 found in fresh or marine waters
& damp soil
 food for fish; may cause
pollution; fertilize soil
The cyanobacteria are
autotrophs and obtain nutrition
through photosynthesis. They
possess chlorophyll a and other
pigments but lack plastids.
(Remember, they are
prokaryotic). These organisms
are sometimes responsible for
algal blooms in polluted lakes.
Figure 3. Blue-green algae washed ashore on a small pond, 1994.
Lyngbya colonies (blue-green algae)
Large Algal Bloom
Algal Bloom Close-up
More on Cyanobacteria