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Fig. 13-CO, p. 347
Fig. 13-1, p. 348
Fig. 13-2, p. 349
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
Produces
6 Carbon + 6 Water
dioxide (CO2)
(H2O)
Glucose
(C6H12O6)
+ 6 Oxygen
(O2)
Fig. 13-2, p. 349
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
Produces
6 Carbon + 6 Water
dioxide (CO2)
(H2O)
Glucose
(C6H12O6)
+ 6 Oxygen
(O2)
Stepped Art
Fig. 13-2, p. 349
Fig. 13-3, p. 350
Sun
Producers
Photosynthesizers:
Green plants
and algae, and
specialized
bacteria
Consumers
Respirers:
Animals and
decomposers and
plants at night
To space
Fig. 13-3, p. 350
Sun
Producers
Photosynthesizers:
Green plants
and algae, and
specialized
bacteria
Consumers
Respirers:
Animals and
decomposers and
plants at night
To space
Stepped Art
Fig. 13-3, p. 350
Fig. 13-4, p. 350
6 Carbon dioxide +
(CO2)
Glucose
(C6H12O6)
6 Oxygen
(O2)
+
+
24 sulfur
(S)
24 Hydrogen sulfide
(H2S)
+
18 Water
(H2O)
Fig. 13-4, p. 350
6 Carbon dioxide +
(CO2)
Glucose
(C6H12O6)
6 Oxygen
(O2)
+
+
24 sulfur
(S)
24 Hydrogen sulfide
(H2S)
+
18 Water
(H2O)
Stepped Art
Fig. 13-4, p. 350
Fig. 13-5a, p. 351
1 meter
1
meter
CO2
Carbon
dioxide
Diatom
C6H12O6
Glucose
Typically, oceanic primary
productivity in this water
column will bind ~120 grams
of carbon into molecules of
glucose each year.
a
to bottom
of ocean
Fig. 13-5a, p. 351
Fig. 13-5b, p. 351
Fig. 13-5c, p. 351
Table 13-1, p. 352
Fig. 13-6a, p. 352
Fig. 13-6b, p. 352
LOW
HIGH
Fig. 13-6b, p. 352
Fig. 13-7, p. 353
Fig. 13-8, p. 354
Trophic Level
A tuna sandwich 100 g (1/4 pound)
5
For each kilogram of tuna,
roughly 10 kilograms of midsize fish must be consumed,
Tuna (top consumers)
3
and 100 kilograms of
small fish,
Midsize fishes
(consumers)
Small fishes and
larvae (consumers)
2
and 1,000 kilograms
of small herbivores,
Zooplankton (primary
consumers)
1
and 10,000 kilograms of
primary producers.
Phytoplankton
(primary producers)
4
Fig. 13-8, p. 354
Fig. 13-9, p. 355
Fifth level
top
carnivore
Killer Whales
Fourth
level
consumers
Third
level
consumers
Seals
Sperm whale
Penguins
Birds
Second levelBaleen
whales
consumers
Carnivorous
zooplankton
Primary
consumers
Copepods
Krill
Squid
Pelagic fishes
Protozoans
Primary
producers
Demersal
fishes
Benthic
invertebrates
Detritus
Microplankton
Bacteria
Macroalgae
Fig. 13-9, p. 355
Table 13-2, p. 356
Fig. 13-10, p. 357
CO2 in atmosphere
to plants for
photosynthesis
CO2 in the atmosphere
Precipitation
Respiration Dissolved
CO2
Decomposers
Plant
Peat residues
coal
Limestone
Dissolved CO2
forms HCO3–
Shells
CO2 is taken up by
phytoplankton for
photosynthesis
Decomposition
Sediments
Limestone
Fig. 13-10, p. 357
Fig. 13-11, p. 358
Atmospheric
nitrogen
Photic
zone
Nitrogen fixation
by bacteria
Nitrogen cycling
within the photic
zone
Producers
incorporate
nitrogen into
amino acids
Nutrient
settling
Nutrient
upwelling
Runoff
Runoff:
fertilizers,
nitrates, plant
material
Fig. 13-11, p. 358
Fig. 13-12, p. 358
Mining
Excretion
Fertilizers
Guano
Agriculture
Uptake by
autotrophs
Marine
food
webs
Weathering
Dissolved in
ocean water
Leaching, runoff
Uptake by
autotrophs
Dissolved in
soil water,
lakes, rivers
Land
food
webs
Death,
Death,
decomposition
decomposition
Sedimentation
Settling out
Weathering
Uplifting over
geologic time
Rocks
Marine sediments
Fig. 13-12, p. 358
Fig. 13-13, p. 360
Limiting Factors
90°N
Light
Silicon
Phosphorous
45°N
Nitrogen
Fe (Iron)
0°
45°S
90°S
180°
90°W
0°
90°E
180°
Fig. 13-13, p. 360
Fig. 13-14, p. 361
Wavelength (nanometers)
500
600
700
Sea surface 400
Photic
zone
Increasing
depth
Aphotic
zone
Approximately
600 m (2,000 ft)
a Clear, open ocean water
Fig. 13-14a, p. 361
Wavelength (nanometers)
400
500
600
700
Approximately
100 m (330 ft)
Aphotic
zone
Photic
zone
Sea
surface
b Coastal ocean water
Fig. 13-14b, p. 361
Fig. 13-15, p. 361
Depth
0m
Enough sunlight for:
Photosynthesis and vision
Euphotic zone to ~70
meters (230 feet)
100 m
200 m
300 m
Vision only—Not
enough sunlight for
photosynthesis
400 m
Disphotic zone to
~600 meters (2,000
feet)
500 m
600 m
No sunlight
Aphotic zone below
600 meters (2,000
Fig. 13-15, p. 361
feet)
Fig. 13-16, p. 362
105
100
°F
°C
Daytime temperatures in some
shallow tropical lagoons
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
40
35
Highest surface temperatures
in open ocean
30
Common surface temperatures
in tropical waters
25
Common surface temperatures
in subtropical waters
Common surface temperatures
in temperate waters
Common surface temperatures in
high-latitude temperate waters
20
15
10
5
Surface temperatures in low Arctic
and Antarctic waters in summer
Surface temperatures of high
Arctic and Antarctic waters all year
(seawater freezes at –1.9°C)
Temperature at depths of
deepest Antarctic basins
0
–5
Fig. 13-16, p. 362
Table 13-3, p. 363
Fig. 13-17, p. 364
Water
Dye
cube
Day 1
Day 2
Day 5
Day 20
Fig. 13-17, p. 364
Water
Dye
cube
Day 1
Day 2
Day 5
Day 20
Stepped Art
Fig. 13-17, p. 364
Fig. 13-18, p. 365
Cell membrane
Outside
the cell
Inside
the cell
No net water
movement
Cell membrane
Outside
the cell
Inside
the cell
Net water movement
out of the cell
Cell membrane
Outside
the cell
Inside
the cell
Net water movement
into the cell
Fig. 13-18 (top), p. 365
Isotonic (no net change
in water movement or in
shapes of cells)
Hypertonic (water diffuses
outward, cells shrivel)
Hypotonic (water
diffuses inward, cells
swell up)
Fig. 13-18 (bottom), p. 365
Fig. 13-19, p. 366
a Diffusion
Fig. 13-19a, p. 366
b Osmosis
Fig. 13-19b, p. 366
“Pump”
c Active transport
Fig. 13-19c, p. 366
Fig. 13-20, p. 366
Diameter (cm)
Surface area (cm2)
Volume (cm3)
Surface-to-volume
ratio
1
2
4
3.14
12.56
50.24
0.52
4.19
33.51
6.0
3.0
1.5
Fig. 13-20, p. 366
Fig. 13-21, p. 367
Fig. 13-22, p. 368
Box 13-1a, p. 369
Box 13-1b, p. 369
Box 13-1c, p. 370
Box 13-1d, p. 370
Table a, p. 370
Fig. 13-23, p. 372
Shark
Jawless
fishes Class
Chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous
fishes)
Land-dwelling
stem reptiles
Pectoral fin
Ichthyosaur
Class
Reptilia
(reptiles)
Class
Aves
(birds)
Flipper (derived from a foreleg)
Penguin
Flipper (derived from a wing)
Dolphin
Class
Mammalia
(mammals)
Flipper (derived from a foreleg)
Fig. 13-23, p. 372
Fig. 13-24, p. 373
Fig. 13-25, p. 373
Complex many-celled
organisms and cells with a
nucleus: the EUKARYOTES
Kingdom
Animalia
Kingdom
Fungi
Cells with no
nucleus: the
PROKARYOTES
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Protista
Kingdom
Archaea
Kingdom
Bacteria
Earliest cells
Fig. 13-25, p. 373
Fig. 13-26, p. 374
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
of taxon
TAXON Name
that includes
1
2
3
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Annelida
Mollusca
1
Cnidaria
2
4
3
4
5
6
Rex sole
Animalia
Chordata KINGDOM (contains 31
phyla)
31
Echinodermata
Fig. 13-26a, p. 374
PHYLUM CHORDATA
Uro- and Cephalo-chordata
1
2
Vertebrata
PHYLUM
Chordata
(contains 3
subphyla)
3
SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
Aves
1
Mammalia
2
3
Chondrichthyes
Amphibia
4
Reptilia
5
Osteichthyes SUBPHYLUM
6
Agnatha
7
Vertebrata
(contains 7
classes)
Fig. 13-26a, p. 374
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
Clupeiformes
1
Perciformes
2
3
Gadiformes
Pleuronectiformes
4
Lophiiformes
37
ORDER PLEURONECTIFORMES
Citharidae
Cynoglossidae
1
Psettodidae
2
3
Bothidae
4
CLASS
Osteichthyes
(contains about
37 orders)
Pleuronectidae ORDER
5
Soleidae
6
Pleuronectiformes
(contains 6
families)
Fig. 13-26b, p. 374
FAMILY PLEURONECTIDAE
Hippoglossus
1
FAMILY
Platichthys
Glyptocephalus
4
2
3
Parophrys
Limanda
GENUS GLYPTOCEPHALUS
cynoglossus
1
41
zachirus
Pleuronectidae
(contains 41
genera)
GENUS
SPECIES
2
Witch flounder
Rex sole
Glyptocephalus
(contains 2
species)
zachirus
Fig. 13-26b, p. 374
Table 13-4, p. 375