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• Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians
• 6th Edition
• By: Dennis M. Mccurnin
• Joanna M. Bassert
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Animal Restraint for Veterinary Professionals
By: C.C. Sheldon
Teresa Sonsthagen
James A. Topel
Cats
Felis catus
Terminology
• Queen =
– adult intact female
used for breeding
• Tom-intact male
• Kitten
Queening
Vital Parameters
• Temperature = 100.5-103.5°F
• Pulse = 120-200 beats/minute.
• Respiration = 20-30 respirations/minute
• Gestation- 65 days.
Anatomy
• Whiskers-The whiskers of a cat are
enlarged stiffened hairs more than twice the
thickness of ordinary hairs, and are
embedded three times deeper.
• They are supplied with a great many nerveendings which transmit information to the
cat's brain about any contact they make or
changes in air pressure that may occur.
Anatomy
• Claws-when a cat is
relaxed that the claw is
retracted or sheathed.
When the cat voluntarily
tightens certain muscles
the claws are unsheathed
and ready for action. Thus
the feline claws are not
retractile, but rather
protractile.
Anatomy
Anatomy
• Sexing
Mating and conception
• When a female cat reaches puberty, her heat cycles
(estrus cycles) will begin.
January-August
• Until she mates or is spayed, these cycles will repeat
themselves as often as every two or three weeks.
• Estrus is the period of receptivity to mating, and is linked
with the production of estrodial, a type of estrogen
produced by ovarian follicles. It is rare to see any signs of
blood, although an occasional mucous discharge may be
evident.
• In female cats ovulation does not take place without
mating or manual stimulation (induced ovulation).
Diet
• Cats are strict carnivores and, because of
this, they have a tremendous ability to
produce glucose from protein, but have
difficulty processing carbohydrates
Behaviors
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Retain much of their instinctive behavior
Establish territories quickly
Cannot establish dominance over a cat
Pay attention to body language
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Ears pulled backed
Leaning away from you
Vocalizing
Batting at you
Flicking of the tail
Aggression
• Play Aggression:
• If a kitten fails to learn to temper aggressive
"playfulness" (i.e. to retract its claws or
inhibit its bite during play) from the queen
• Signs:
– flattening of the ears against the head
– twitching of the tail
– unsheathing of the claws
• Fear Aggression:
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Fear...and the flight-or-flight response to it...is an
ingrained and potent (over) response.
• All cats are capable of expressing such aggression,
• Signs:
– Ordinarily a fearful cat will flee or hide from a perceived
danger
– If a cat...any cat...is placed in circumstances of shrinking space
(backed into a corner; no escape route), it will assume a
defensive attack posture.
• The tell-tale postures associated with fear aggression are
these:
– Flattening of the ears against the head
– Crouching, with the head drawn close to the body
– Rolling on the back ( NOT a submissive posture!!!)
• Predatory Behavior:
– Occurs in cats regardless of whether or not hunger
is present
– Involves killing of natural prey without eating (just
beheading, usually)
– Is "normal" in some cats, usually develops by 5-7
weeks of age.
• Predatory Aggression:
– Involves inappropriate predatory behavior towards
natural and "unnatural" prey (e.g. human infants!)
– Hallmarks of this type of behavior are:
• Stealth/Silence, heightened attentiveness, slinking
posture, tail-twitching
• Pouncing...if the victim exhibits sudden movements
Behaviors
Restraint Techniques
• Removal from carrier
• Removal from cage
Restraint Techniques
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Sitting/sternal
Scruffing (fetal hold)
Lateral recumbency
Dorsal recumbency
Pretzel hold
• The Pretzel
Restraint Techniques
• Distraction
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Caveman pats
Puffs of air
Rubber band @ base of ears
Pencil on nose
Restraint Tools
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Towel/blanket- kitty burrito
Cat restraint bag
Muzzle
Gauntlet gloves
Cat nabber
Net/snare pole
Elizabethan collar
Squeeze Cage
Anesthesia Box
Medication Administration
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Oral (tablet, liquid, tubing)
Parenteral (IM, IV, SQ, ID, IC)
Nasal
Otic
Opthalmic
Rectal
Pilling
• Can use pill gun as
well to save fingers!
Vaccinations
• Always give in the most distal portion of
limb due to a vaccine induced sarcoma.
SQ
other than Vaccines
Blood draws
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Medial saphaneous
Lateral saphaneous
Jugular
Cephalic
• Cephalic
Jugular blood draw
Jugular
Blood draw- cephalic
Zoonotic Mycoses
• Ringworm
– Tricohyton spp.
– Microsporum spp.
Zoonotic Parasites
• Scabies = Sarcoptes scabiei (contact)
• Schistsomiasis = Schistsoma spp. (contact)
• Larval migrans: Contact/Ingestion
– Toxocara
– Ancylostoma
– Strongyloides
Zoonotic Protozoa
• Cryptosporidiosis = Cryptosporidium spp.
– (Ingestion)
• Toxoplasmosis = Toxoplasma gondii
– (ingestion)
• Sarcocystosis = Sarcocystis spp. (ingestion)
• Giardiasis = Giardia lamblia (ingestion)
Zoonotic Bacteria
• Plague = Yersinia pestis (flea bite)
• Campylobacteriosis = Campylobacter fetus
(Ingestion/contact)
• Cat-scratch disease = Bartonella henselae
– (Cat bite/scratch)
• Leptospirosis = Leptospira spp. (contact w/urine)
• Salmonellosis = Salmonella spp. (ingestion)
• Tuberculosis = Mycobacteria spp. (ingestion and inhalation)
• Tularemia = Francisella tularensis (tick bites, contact with
tissue)
• Lyme disease = Borrelia burgdorferi (Tick bite)
Significant Bacteria
• CBA = Cat bite abscess
– This phenomenon is primarily caused by
pasteurella. This particular bacteria is an
anaerobic bacteria that loves puncture wounds.
– Cats and humans are both prone to infections
from bites.
Vaccinations
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Rabies
Panleukopenia (FVP, feline distemper)
Chlamydial pneumonitis (a URI)
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
Rhinotracheitis (FVR, a URI)
Calicivirus (FCV, a URI)
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP, a corona virus)
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
Nail trimming
Additional Info
Kudos
• http://www.pawsonline.info/index.htm
• http://www.catnutrition.org/catkins.php
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