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SISTEM PENCERNAAN NON RUMINASIA IRFAN DJUNAIDI, FAC. ANIMAL SCIENCE, BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY Poultry/Avian Digestion Tract Rongga Mulut • Fungsi gigi diganti oleh paruh (defisiensi metionin menyebabkan kanibalisme) • Dilengkapi lidah (seperti anak panah) untuk membantu menarik pakan ke esophagus • Alat (titik)perasa sangat sedikit, sehingga kurang selektif Jumlah Alat (titik) Perasa pada Ternak Hewan Avian Ayam Burung dara Puyuh Itik Mamalia Kucing Manusia Babi Kelinci Sapi Jumlah 24 37 62 200 473 9 000 15 000 17 000 25 000 • Kelenjar saliva pada unggas hanya menghasilkan mucus (lubrikasi) dan tidak menghasilkan amilase. Produksi saliva : 7 – 30 cc/ hari • Pada mamalia, selain sebagai mucus juga menghasilkan amilase. Produksi saliva : 15 – 20 liter/hari Oesophagus • Terjadi penonjolan : Crop /tembolok , dengan fungsi sebagai penampung pakan sementara, hidrolysis KH oleh lactobacilli. • pH : 4,5 • Broiler : crop kurang berperan karena bisa membentuk divertikulum untuk mengatur arus pakan • Layer : crop penting untuk kalsifikasi telur , dan pakan sebagai sumber Ca. Lambung Proventrikulus, pH =4,4 Menghasilkan getah lambung :lendir, HCl & Pepsinogen Protein Peptida Ventrikulus / empedal, pH : 2,6 Membantu pencernaan mekanik Koilin + HCl gizzard teeth Usus Kecil • Duodenum, pH : 5,7 – 6,5 Mensekresi : - enteropeptidase - Pancreozymin & Secretin Pankreas mensekresi enzim Pankreas endokrin eksokrin Hormon insulin Getah pencernaan Getah pencernaan pankreas Amilase Lipase Protease HCl Pepsinogen pepsin Tripsinogen enteropeptidase tripsin Chymotripsinogen tripsin chymotripsin Bicarbonat Jejenum & Ileum Disakarida Sukrosa Aminopeptidase Dipeptidase Esterase Ester Glukosa Fruktosa Peptida AA Asam lemak monogliserida Macam enzim, substrat, produk akhir pada tiap bagian alat pencernaan unggas (Ensminger et al.,, 1990) Organ Proventrikulus Enzim Substrat Produk akhir pepsin protein lipase lemak proteose, polipeptida peptida asam lemak dan gliserol Duodenum / Pankreas amylopsin pankreas streapsin pankreas trypsin kimotripsin kolagenase karboksipeptidase pati, dekstrin lemak protein, proteose, pepton kolagen peptida maltose, dekstrin asam lemak dan gliserol peptida, asam amino, pepton peptida asam amino dan peptida Usus halus peptidase sukrase maltase laktase peptida sukrosa maltosa laktosa asam amino dan peptida glukosa dan fruktosa glukosa glukosa dan galaktosa dan Hati Mensekresi empedu Memetabolisme protein, KH & lemak Tempat penyimpanan beberapa vitamin Detoksikasi zat yg berbahaya bagi tubuh Destruksi sel-sel darah merah Pembentukan protein darah • Usus besar Caecum, Colon & Cloaka. pH = 5,7 – 6,5 Pertumbuhan Usus Halus Yang Optimum Pertumbuhan Optimum : 2 -12 hari pasca menetas Diameter & panjang: berkembang sampai 14 hari Kedalaman & jumlah kripta : berkembang sampai 12 hari Villi duodenum : berkembang sampai 4 hari Villi jejunum & ileum villi : berkembang sampai 10 hari 7 Hari Pertama Pada Broiler Selama 7 hari pasca menetas, ayam akan mengembangkan organ-organ internal: 1. Paru-paru (oksigen), 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Ampela (menghancurkan makanan), Hati (untuk pencernaan dan lainnya), Pankreas (enzim), Usus (absorpsi/penyerapan) dan Organ-organ system kekebalan (thymus, bursa and limpa/spleen). 7 Hari Pertama Pada Broiler • Perkembangan saluran pencernaan / GIT lebih cepat dari pada organ-organ lain seperti tulang, dada, otot kaki dan bulu • Ayam mempersiapkan kerangka pertumbuhan selanjutnya. tubuh • Mempengaruhi performans ayam secara keseluruhan, perlu hati2 dalam treatment dan perlakuan untuk Swine Digestion Tract • The digestive capacity of the pig increases with age. Neonates and lactating piglets depend on a well-developed gastric ability to effectively clot milk. • During the first few weeks of life, both the small intestine and pancreas grow and develop, to prepares piglet for weaning. • The large intestine matures slower; this explains why the pig tends to digest fibrous feeds better in direct relation to its age. KAPASITAS ALAT PENCERNAAN HEWAN (LITER) Alat Pencernaan Manusia Babi Kuda Domba Sapi BB, kg Retikulo rumen Omasum Lambung Total Usus kecil Sekum Usus besar Total 75 90 450 80 17 575 1 1 4 1 6 8 8 9 1 9 27 8 8 27 14 41 90 1 2 20 6 1 3 30 125 20 15 160 65 10 25 260 KAPASITAS RELATIF SALURAN PENCERNAAN (%) Alat Pencernaan Perut Retikulo Rumen Omasum Lambung Manusia Babi Kuda Anjing Sapi 17 - 29 8 62 70 2 57 5 6 Usus kecil Sekum Usus besar 66 17 33 6 32 30 16 46 24 1 13 19 3 8 Total 100 100 100 100 100 Alat Pencernaan Kuda • In the horse both the caecum and the colon are enlarged. As in the rumen, the large cellulose molecules are broken down to smaller molecules that can be absorbed. Alat Pencernaan Kelinci • The caecum in the rabbit, rat and guinea pig is greatly enlarged to provide a “fermentation vat” for micro-organisms to break down the cellulose plant cell walls. This is called a functional caecum. • However, the position of the functional caecum after the main areas of digestion and absorption, means it is potentially less effective than the rumen. • The rabbit (and rodents) solve this problem by eating their own faeces so that they pass through the gut a second time and the products of cellulose digestion can be absorbed in the small intestine. • Rabbits produce two kinds of faeces. Softer night-time faeces are eaten directly from the anus and the harder pellets, that have passed through the gut twice. COPROPHAGY / CAECOTROPHY • This is the eating of faecal-like pellets produced in the caecum. These caecal pellets are sometimes called soft faeces. To do this, the rabbit sucks in the soft faeces as they emerge from the anus, then swallow without chewing. • Consumption of the soft faeces starts when the rabbit is about 4 weeks old. Note that rabbit can survive without practicing caecotrophy for many days but death is usual if they are prevented from eating their soft faeces for several months. • Soft faeces are higher in crude protein and lower in crude fibre than hard faeces. Their higher protein level is due to their content of bacteria. • Caecotrophy is a very important part of the rabbit’s digestive processes. It recycles some unabsorbed nutrients as well as returning protein and vitamin B rich bacteria for enzyme digestion in the small intestine. FIBRE! • In the wild, rabbits mainly eat grass – with a few leaves, vegetable matter and occasionally bits of twig & bark • Rabbits have a digestive system perfectly developed for eating fibre, such as grass • Pet rabbits rely on their owners feeding them a diet that mimics what they would eat in the wild • Their digestive system relies on: – A very delicate balance of bacteria – Fibre moving through their gut at all times • If levels of bacteria change – Health problems such as diarrhoea and sticky bottom occur • If movement of fibre through the gut stops – This can quickly be a cause of death Others function of fibre for animal •Stimulating intestine peristaltic •Improving enzyme secretion •Make Feed smooth and & palatable •Improving solubility of Vit B12 & K Rabbits are prey animals • Grass is not rich in nutrients but rabbits have evolved to be able to digest grass and fibre to extract all the nutrients they need • Cows are big animals that also eat grass and so have developed massive stomachs (80 litres big) and a rumination process to digest grass and nutrients. • Rabbits however, are prey animals who have many predators in the wild – They need to be a size and build that enables them to quickly run away from predators – So they can’t have a large stomach & digestive system like a cow • When eating they are looking for predators not at what they are eating – Hence evolved with eyes toward top of head – They cannot see what they eat – So the look and colour of food is irrelevant to them Rabbits Let’s talk about droppings! • Rabbits need to process their food twice to get all the nutrients they need from it • So rabbits are physically unique • They eat their own droppings • And they should and NEED to do this – It is not the same issue as for dogs! • Actually, rabbits have 2 types of droppings • The droppings that rabbits eat are special – They are full of additional nutrients that the rabbit needs – Called ‘sticky droppings’ or caecotrophs Rabbits Let’s talk about droppings! • Left hand side: Sticky droppings – or ‘caecotrophs’ • Right hand side: Hard droppings – Hard droppings from a healthy rabbit are perfectly spherical – Not tear-drop shaped Feeding the good bacteria in the rabbit • Rabbits cannot digest their food without the help of beneficial bacteria and other microbes • Maintaining the balance of bacteria in their digestive system keeps rabbits alive • Feeding rabbits the right sort of food is therefore one of THE most important aspects of rabbit care to ensure healthy, happy bunnies! – Choice of food is therefore critical Rabbit Diet …and the role that fibre plays The problem with common-style food for rabbits 1. Selective feeding 2. Rabbits can become fussy eaters They will eat sweet foods, as an easy way to get a glucose fix This can result in rabbits picking out bits of their food and leaving the rest Leading to an imbalanced diet, with rabbit missing out on essential nutrients, like fibre, calcium, phosphorous and Vitamin D Lack of fibre common-style foods do not contain enough fibre 3. Unhealthy ingredients Often, the actual ingredients in muesli foods are high in sugar and starch These are difficult for the rabbit to digest and can lead to health problems and obesity Remember: Rabbits can’t see the food they’re eating, so what it looks like really doesn’t matter! Fibre in the rabbit’s diet • Indigestible fibre – Longer in size – Is needed by the rabbit to keep digestive system going • Gut motility – Also plays an essential part in keeping teeth ground down – And helps stimulate appetite • Too little indigestible fibre in the diet leads to gut stasis – Movement round the digestive system stops – This is fatal for rabbits Fibre in the rabbit’s diet • Digestible fibre – Very short fibre, less than 0.3 – 0.5mm after being eaten – Is needed by the rabbit for essential nutrition – Maintains right level of good bacteria in the gut • Essential for digestion to work • Too little digestible fibre in the diet leads to malnutrition Fibre Physical & Emotional Health • Fibre is vital for: – Digestive health – Dental health – Emotional health Fibre Digestive Health • Fibre promotes healthy digestion by: – ensuring gut motility – promoting the optimal balance of bacteria in the gut – helping to prevent abnormal droppings and caecotrophs – helping stimulate appetite • Burgess Excel Nuggets – Contain high levels of beneficial fibre (digestible and indigestible fibre) and all the nutrients rabbits need, in every mouthful • Prevents selective feeding – Contain a prebiotic – promotes beneficial bacteria for healthy digestion Fibre : Dental Health • Rabbits teeth grow continuously – 8-12cm / year • Fibre promotes dental health by: – encouraging greater use of the teeth – helping with optimal dental wear • Excel Herbage and Forage – Excel Herbage: Timothy hay with Marigolds & Dandelions • An excellent source of beneficial long fibre • Nibbling /bite on hay assists the grinding of teeth, keeping them in great shape – Excel Forage: Barn-dried grass • Another great source of fibre and essential nutrients Remember: Hay is essential food for rabbits, not just bedding! Fibre: Emotional Health • In many ways, fibre promotes emotional health for rabbits • Fibre in the form of hay or dried grass: – Encourages natural foraging behaviour – Prevents boredom – Can be provided in ‘containers’ that stimulate the rabbit • Tunnels, hay balls etc • Fibrous healthy snacks (like Excel Nature Snacks): – Provide emotional enrichment – Encourage interaction and bonding between pet and owner Danke Faktor2 yang Mempengaruhi Energi intake 1. 1. Faktor yang berasal dari ternak sendiri 2. Faktor lingkungan 3. Faktor Pakan 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. Bulu penutup Umur Jenis kelamin Strain Suhu Kelembaban Kecepatan angin Zat Makanan • 1. 2. 3. Energi Karbohidrat Lemak Protein Asam lemak jenuh : miristat, palmitat, stearat Asam lemak tidak jenuh : Oleat, linoleat, linolenat, Arakhidonat, palmitoleat
