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Classification of Organisms
Copyright 2010. PEER.tamu.edu
Here are some things that
scientists classify or organize:
 The elements
• The human
body
 Interactions in
Ecosystems
Scientists also Classify Living
Organisms
 How could you classify these living things?
Quick, organize these living things
into groups:
Did you do it like this?
Or this?
Are there any other ways to group
these living things?
Why Classify?
Classification makes it easier to answer
questions about living things such as
• How many known species are there?
• What are the defining characteristics of each
species?
• What are the relationships between these
species?
Classification History
• Aristotle – (4th century B.C./Greek) the first
person to organize things scientifically.
• Linnaeus – (18th century/Swedish) Carolus
Linnaeus is the father of taxonomy. He
grouped things according to their shared
characteristics like shape and structure.
• Science is dynamic (changing). As we
make new discoveries, our groupings of
organisms sometimes change.
Taxonomy
• The science of describing, classifying,
and naming living things
Levels of Classification
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Kingdom (largest, most general)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (only one kind of organism)
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Great
Spaghetti
Binomial Nomenclature
(two names)
• What is a puma vs. a mountain
lion vs. a cougar?
• Common name: can vary in different
areas
Felis concolor
• Scientific names are in Latin or Greek
so that all scientists use the same name
• Linnaeus simplified the naming process with two
parts; genus and species.
• Genus is always capitalized, species is lower case
• You can abbreviate the genus, but not the species
• Genus and species are in italics or underlined
What is in a name?
To make your fake
scientific name:
• Sara Jones
• Jones Sara
• Jones sara
• Latinize your name
Latin endings
• ae
• us
• ius
• um
• ium
Jonesium sarius
Genus name
Species name
Real Scientific Names
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Felis domesticus
Tyrannosaurus rex
Canis familiaris
Homo sapien
Panthera onca
•
•
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•
•
house cat
T. rex
dog
human
jaugar
Important Terms
Prokaryote – having no nucleus
Eukaryote – having a nucleus
Unicellular – made up of one single cell
Multicellular – made up of more than one cell
Autotroph – producers
Heterotroph – consumers
Sexual Reproduction - 2 parent cells
Asexual Reproduction —1 parent cell
Classification
Domains
• There are three Domains
of living organisms
based on their
characteristics:
Archaea
– Archaea (also called
Archaebacteria)
Eubacteria
– Eubacteria (also
called Bacteria)
– Eukaryota (also
called Eukarya)
Eukaryota
Domain Archaea
“Archaea” means “ancient” bacteria.
Organisms in Archaea are:
•
•
•
•
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Reproduce asexually
Aerial view of hot spring at Yellowstone
Domain Archaea
• Bacteria that have adapted to extreme
environments.
• Some can survive in extremely hot environments, like
around hot springs and geysers. They are called
thermophiles.
• Some can survive in extremely salty environments, like
The Great Salt Lake in Utah. They are called
halophiles.
• The Domain Archaea has one Kingdom,
also called Archaea.
This hot spring is flowing into the Firehole River in Yellowstone.
The colors are caused by different varieties of archaebacteria and
other microscopic life forms. Scientists can distinguish
temperatures of water by the colors present.
Domain Eubacteria
“Eu” means “true” bacteria. They
are:
• Unicellular
• Prokaryotic
• Autotrophic or heterotrophic
• reproduce asexually
• most abundant organisms on
earth. One bacterium can give
rise to 10 million in 24 hours.
• Found in almost every habitat
on earth.
The Domain Eubacteria has one
Kingdom, also called
Eubacteria.
Many are common
infectious agents.
This is a picture of bacteria on the skin. Bacteria can be shaped like a
sphere (cocci) like this picture, like a rod, or like a spiral. The structure in
the middle of this picture is a hair follicle with a hair growing out of it.
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•
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Domain Eukaryota (Eukarya)
Eukaryotic
Very diverse
Unicellular or multicellular
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Reproduce sexually or
asexually
• Can be split into 4
Kingdoms– Protista
– Fungi
– Plantae
– Animalia
D
O
M
A
I
N
S
K
I
N
G
D
O
M
S
The 4 Kingdoms in Eukaryota
Protista
Plantae
Mostly unicellular and microscopic
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Can be infectious agents
Multicellular green plants
Autotrophic through photosynthesis
Have a cell wall
Examples:
•Amoeba
•Algae
•Daphnia
•Plasmodium (causes malaria)
Examples:
•Mosses
•Ferns
•Trees
•Flowering Plants
Fungi
Animalia
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Decomposers
Can be infectious agents
Multicellular Animals
Heterotrophic
No Cell Wall
Examples:
•Mushrooms
•Athlete’s foot
•Bread Mold
Examples:
•Insects
•Spiders
•Crabs
•Birds
•Humans
Dichotomous Key
• A guide to identifying organisms
• It is based on statements/questions that
will be answered with one of two
responses. These responses lead you to
other statements until you reach the
identity of the organism.
I’m Talkin Bout (poems)
On other side you should see:
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
I’m Talkin Bout (poems)
I’m talkin bout name of kingdom
I’m talkin bout 3 descriptions of kingdom
I’m talkin bout one example
I’m talkin bout name of kingdom
Example:
I’m talkin bout Archaebacteria
I’m talkin bout heat lovers, salt lovers, extremophiles
I’m talkin bout blue-green bacteria
I’m talkin bout Archaebacteria