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Bacterial Diversity in the Tibetan Plateau Glaciers and their
Relationship with Environmental and Climate Change
Yongqin Liu, Tandong Yao, Shichang Kang, Baiqin Xu
2017/5/23
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Bacteria Variabilities in the Snow over Tibetan Plateau Glaciers
Guoqu Glacier,
Mt.Geladaindong
Zadang Glacier,
Mt. Niqingtanggula
Palong No. 4 Glacier
East Rongbuk Glacier,
Mt. Everest
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Methods
Glaciers
Altitude /m
Sampling sites
Mean
temperature
/°C
Highest /lowest
temperature
/°C
Mean
precipitation
/mm
Snow pit
depth/m
Years of the
sampled
snow
Guoqu
6621
2.8
18.8/-28.5
314
0.86
From winter of
2004
to Nov.2005
Zadang
5799
1.6
19.2/-23.5
359
1.52
From winter of
2005
to May 2006
East
Rongbuk
6520
3.4
23.8/-22.4
174
1.70
From winter of
2003
to Apr.2005
Palong
No.4
5507
9.6
28.6/-11.5
648
2.30
From winter of
2005
to Jun.2006
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Methods
Laboratory analyses
1 Enumerating bacterial abundance
EPICS ALTRA II flow cytometer
2 Environment index
δ18O：MAT-253 mass spectrophotometer
Concentration of ions：Dionex Ion Chromatograph model 2010
DOC and TN ：TOC-Vcph (Shimadzu Corp. )
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Methods
Laboratory analyses
3 Bacterial community------16S rRNA gene clone library construction
Community DNA extraction
Primes
27f
1392r
Sequence
AGA GTT TGA TCM TGG CTC AG
ACG GGC GGT GTG TRC
PCR amplification
Restriction digestion
with the enzymes Hha I and Afa I
Blast
Phylogenetic analysis
Statistical analyses
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Bacterial abundance and relationship with environment
Zadang
Guoqu
Cell abundance DOC
X103 cells mL-1 ug L-1
TN
g L-1
Ca2+
ug L-1
Cell abundance
X103 cells mL-1
DOC
ug L-1
East Rongbuk
Ca2+ Cell abundance DOC
ug L-1 X103 cells mL-1 ug L-1
TN
ug L-1
TN
ug L-1
Palong No.4
Ca2+ Cell abundance
ug L-1 X103 cells mL-1
DOC
ug L-1
TN
ug L-1
Ca2+
ug L-1
Cell 0 abundance
the
snow
at 800the
than
southern
ones
400 800 0 400 800 80 in
160 240
0 8000
16000 0
400
0
600 northern
1200 0
200 400 0 glaciers
800 1600 0 8 16was
24 0 1000higher
2000 40 80 120
0 100 200 that
300 0
200at400 the
0
600 1200
0 100 200 0
200 400 .
0
50
Depth cm
100
Average cell abundance
13320
150
Average Ca2+ concentration
2723
538804
658
12400
64
200
Tibetan Plateau： 0.68 to 720×103 cells mL-1
Polor and other high mountain
regions:200-105
11485
cells
mL-1
69
Among 88 snow samples，63% similar with Antarctic，but lower than
250
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Arctic
and other glaciers; 30 % higher
than Arcticof
and
otherofglaciers
6
Bacterial diversity and relationship with environment
α-Proteobacteria,
18%
β-Proteobacteria,
12%
others, 4%
Bacteroidetes,
13%
Firmicutes, 6%
Actinobacteria,
18%
γ-Proteobacteria,
29%
The bacterial 16S rRNA genes sequences in snow over the Tibetan Plateau were dominant by
γ-Proteobacteria,α-Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria.
All sequences in snow from the TP were near to the sequences in the GenBank database with
identity values of 91-99%.
A majority of the sequences (81% of the total) were similar to sequences recovered from cold
environments (glaciers, Antarctic soil , lake/sea ice in the Antarctic or Arctic, permafrost), soil
and the aquatic environment.
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Bacterial diversity and relationship with environment
Shannon H
2.5
4.0
2.2
3.1
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
α--Proteobacteria
β-Proteobacteria
γ-Proteobacteria
Actinobacteria
Firmicutes
Bacteroidetes
others
Guoqu
Zadang
Palong No.4
East Rongbuk
Bacterial genetic diversity in the snow varied at different glaciers
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Bacterial diversity and relationship with environment
Classification of the environment of the nearest neighbor of snow bacteria
Environment of the
nearest neighbor
Total
Seq.
G
Clones
Seq.
ZD
Clones
Seq.
RBL
Clones
Seq.
PL
Clones
Seq.
Clones
Cold environment
33%
43%
41%
71%
37%
39%
36%
16%
28%
55%
Soil
30%
25%
41%
17%
29%
33%
16%
26%
29%
20%
Aquatic environment
18%
24%
14%
6%
17%
14%
44%
58%
19%
12%
Plant
5%
4%
3%
5%
14%
9%
Air
6%
2%
10%
6%
3%
1%
Others
7%
3%
8%
8%
7%
2%
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4%
4%
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Common genera widespread distribution in snow over the Tibetan Plateau
Among a total of 83 genera, 23 genera occurred in more than one library.
Eight genera existed in three libraries: Bradyrhizobium and Ochrobactrum;
Acidovorax, Curvibacter, and Ralstonia;
Acinetobacter, Brevibacterium, Bacillus
Sphingomonas Polaromonas
Genera common to the four libraries
East
Rongbuk
Guoqu
Zadang
Palong
No.4
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Firmicutes
Actinobacteria
CFB
Beta
Gamm
others10
Conclusion

Abundant bacteria existed in snow at the world highest plateau, most of them were
similar to those in the Antarctica, and less than those in the Arctic and other high mountains.

The abundance of snow bacteria was higher at the northern glaciers than at the
southern ones. Cell abundance were related with the input dust concentration but did not
show obvious correlation with the nutrient condition.
Unexpected high diverse bacteria dwelled in snow over the plateau. Common genera
distributed widely in glaciers located at different regions of the plateau, implying that the
same selective mechanism occur at plateau.
Bacteria in different glaciers showed their own features and connected with their locations,
indicating the relationship between bacteria and environment.
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Bacteria Variabilities in Ice Core and Their Relations with Climate Change
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Bacteria Variabilities in Ice Core and Their Relations with Climate Change
Geladaindong ice core
Ninjingangshan ice core
Zuoqiupu ice core
East Rongbuk ice core
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Bacterial abundance in ice cores
Bacterial abundance
Average
Span of
years
268
3.2×103-8.3×105
4.4×104
69 years
1935-2004
54.9
198
3.9×103-2.4×105
2.7×104
70 years
1937-2007
East Rongbuk
22.5
173
0.5×103-1.1×106
2.0×104
41 years
1963-2004
Zuoqiupu
96.8
384
1.8×104-6.5×104
1.6×104
52 years
1955-2007
Length
Sample
47
Ninjingangshan
Geladaindong
Bacterial abundance: cells mL-1
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Bacterial abundance and the δ18O along different ice cores
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Bacterial abundance and the visible dirty layers along
the Geladandong ice core
3.2×103 to 8.3×105 cells mL-1
with an average of 4.4×104 cells mL-1
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Annual variations and 10 year average values of bacterial abundance,
Ca2+ concentration, and δ18O value in Geladandong ice core
0
-2
R 2 = 0.1194
n =65
18O
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
0
20000
40000
60000
80000 100000 120000 140000 160000
Bacterial concentration (cells mL-1)
Ca2+ concentration
3000
R 2 = 0.2071
n =65
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
20000
40000
60000
80000 100000 120000 140000 160000
Bacterial concentration (cells mL-1)
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East Rongbuk ice core
Bacterial abundance correlate positively with NH4+ (r=0.23,p<0.005,n=164)
Along depth
No obvious correlate with Ca2+
Bacterial abundance correlate positively with 18O(r=0.16,p<0.05,n=164)
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RBL Ice Core
East Rongbuk ice core
400
350
300
250
200
150
60
4.00
Ca2+
Dingri temperature
Annual bacterial abundances correlate positively with
temperature, precipitation and NH4+ concentrations
NH4+
50
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
y = 3E-05x + 2.148
1.50
R = 0.3983
2
1.00
0.50
0.00
40
0
10000
30
-14
20000
30000
40000
50000
Cell abundance (cells/mL)
RBL Ice Core

-16
350.00
-20
4
Dingri precipitation
-18
Dingri temperature
3
2
1
300.00
250.00
200.00
150.00
y = 0.0011x + 211.81
100.00
2
R = 0.1615
50.00
0.00
0
320
280
240
200
160
120
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
Cell abundance
Dingri precipitation
RBL Ice Core
Concentration of NH4+
(ug/mL)
70.00
Cell abundance
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
y = 0.0003x + 41.74
20.00
R = 0.3746
2
10.00
0.00
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
Cell abundance (cells/mL)
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Zuoqiupu ice core
160
80
OC
120
40
40
30
EC
0
20
200
10
Dust
0
Cell abundance X103
cells mL-1
50
80
60
0
40
20
-8
0

-12
-16
-20
-24
0
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40
60
80
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100
20
Zuoqiupu ice core
Annual variation
14
60
Bacterial abundance and EC/OC (r=0.23, p<0.05；r=0.35；p<0.01,n=44)10
8
40
EC
12
OC
6
4
20
50
0
30
Dust
40
20
20
1000
16
800
12
600
O18
8
Bacterial abundance and 18O(r=0.24,p<0.05,n=44)
400
9.6
9.2
-14
8.8
8.4
Bacterial abundance and teperature(r=0.70,p<0.005,n=44)
-16
1960
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1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Precipitation
Bacterial abundance and precipitation (r=-0.36,p<0.01,n=44)
24
Cells
10
1200
2000
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Temperature
28
8
2010
21
Conclusion
 Bacterial abundance shows different correlations with temperature and/or other
environmental factors in ice cores in different parts of the plateau;
 Temperature outweighs other factors in determining the bacterial abundance in
different ice cores ;
 Bacteria in ice cores are also subject to the influence of different air masses,
thus implying different environmental parameters. Bacterial abundance in
Geladandong is mainly influenced by dust from the continent, that in East
Rongbuk is indicative of biologic and anthropogenic activities, while that in
Zuoqiupu, southeast Tibet, is suggestive of its relationship with masses from
southeast Asia.
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THANKS
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