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Human Respiration • Involves cellular respiration and gas exchange in lungs • Cellular Respiration – Aerobic- with oxygen – Anaerobic- without oxygen. Lactic acid is produced Structures of the Human Respiratory System • Nose: Nasal cavity – Air enters the two nostrils. Air is filtered, warmed, and moistened (cilia & mucus). Pharynx • Throat. Where oral and nasal cavity meet. Two tubes lead downward trachea & esophagus. – Epiglottis prevents choking by covering trachea when eating/drinking Epiglottis • Flap that closes over trachea and prevents food from entering. Larynx • Voicebox/ “adams apple” Trachea • • • • Aka: windpipe- 4.5 inches long. Extends from the larynx to the bronchi. Kept open by rings of cartilage. Ciliated mucous membrane lines the trachea. Bronchi • • • • Two major divisions (branches) of the trachea. Lined with mucous membranes. Ringed with cartilage Subdivide (branch)into bronchioles. Bronchioles • • • • Subdivision of the bronchial tubes Lined with mucous membrane No cartilage rings End with alveoli – Air sacs Alveoli (aka air sacs) • Functional units for gas exchange - DIFFUSION • Thin, moist walls ( one cell layer thick) • Surrounded by capillaries Lungs • Make up large part of the chest cavity • Enclosed within a ribcage • Each lung contains bronchus with it’s bronchioles and alveoli. • Pleura- protective outer covering. Diaphragm • Sheet of muscle separating chest (thoracic) cavity from abdominal cavity • Controls Breathing Breathing Rate • Depends on Carbon Dioxide in the blood • Controlled by the Medulla (base of brain) • Diaphragm: Contracts-Air in (inhale) Relaxes-Air out (exhale) Malfunctions of the Respiratory System: • Asthma: Allergic response, can also be triggered by exercise. Bronchioles constrict and prevents air flow. Causes breathing difficulty. • Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchiole tubes • Emphysema: Destroys Alveoli, less surface area for gas exchange. Caused by smoking! • Pneumonia: Caused by bacteria, alveoli fills with fluid. • Lung Cancer: Tumors form in lungs (uncontrolled cell growth). Caused by smoking!
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