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classification Classification Classification •taxonomy –science of grouping and naming organisms based on shared characteristics Classification Classification Purpose for classifying organisms •brings order to the diversity of life •allows identification of new organisms •basis for scientifically naming organisms •universal standard for communication Classification Classification common names can often be misleading •jellyfish, starfish, cuttlefish, silverfish Classification Classification common names can often be misleading •mountain lion, puma, cougar, panther Classification Classification common names can often be misleading •ringworm, mealworm, acorn worm fungus insect larva aquatic worm Classification Classification History of classification •Aristotle (350B.C.) –placed all known organisms into two groups –animals & plants Classification Classification History of classification •Carolus Linnaeus (1750) –father of taxonomy –classified organisms by physical & structural similarities –places organisms into Species –places species into Genera –introduced binomial nomenclature •written in Latin (Genus, species) Classification Classification Correctly naming organisms scientifically •First name: Genus (First letter CAPITALIZED) •second name: Species (all lower case) •underline (if hand written) or italicized (computer) •ex: Eastern grey squirrel –Sciurus carolinensis Classification Classification classification provides a framework in which to study the relationships among living and extinct species Classification Evolutionary Relationships structural similarities •many shared physical structures provide evidence of close relationship and common ancestry •ex: Lynx & Bobcat Evolutionary Relationships structural similarities •ex: dandelion & sunflower Classification Classification Evolutionary Relationships geographical distribution •location of a species help determine relationship with other species •ex: finches on the Galapogos Classification Evolutionary Relationships chromosomal comparison •chromosome number and shape •ex: cauliflower, cabbage, kale, broccoli •chromosomes are almost identical Classification Evolutionary Relationships biochemistry •looks at DNA and similar proteins •ex: horseshoe crab –originally classified with Crustacea Classification Evolutionary Relationships •ex: horseshoe crab –originally classified with Crustacea –better classified as Arachnida Evolutionary Relationships Breeding behavior •mating calls or mating periods •ex: frogs, birds Classification Evolutionary Relationships •developing the evolutionary history of an organism is phylogeny Classification Evolutionary Relationships •phylogeny of all life Classification Classification Evolutionary Relationships •cladogram model –shows evolutionary relationships between organisms Classification Evolutionary Relationships •cladogram model D E C B A Taxonomic Hierarchy •Domain – broadest classification •Kingdom •Phylum •Class •Order •Family •Genus •Species – most specific –sometimes -subspecies (animals), •varieties (plants) •strains (bacteria) •D K P C O F G S Classification Taxonomic Hierarchy classification of human? •Domain – Eukarya •Kingdom – Anamilia •Phylum – Chordata •Class – Mammalia •Order – Primate •Family – Homididae •Genus – Homo •Species – Sapien –Binomial name? –Homo sapien Classification History of Classification 1700’s •Aristotle’s system •Plantae & Animalia Classification Classification History of Classification Late 1800’s •with the use of the microscope, new kingdom was found •Plantae, Animalia & Protista Classification History of Classification 1950’s •New tool - electron microscope, new kingdom was found without a nucleus •Plantae, Animalia, Protista & Monera (bacteria) Classification History of Classification 1960’s •Biochemical studies showed difference in cell wall composition (split up one of our Kingdoms) •Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Monera & Fungi chitin Classification History of Classification 1990’s •Structural and biochemical studies found difference in cell wall of some Monerans •Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria & Fungi peptidoglycan Classification Current System 3 Domain system •developed from looking at ribosomal RNA •Bacteria – Eubacteria •Archea – Archaebacteria •Eukarya – Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protista Current System 3 Domain system Classification Tools for classification field guide •gives physical description of species •may show range (locations it lives in) •gives picture of species Classification Classification Tools for classification dichotomous key •uses sets of paired (usually opposite) traits to help classify a species Geospiza Platyspiza Certhidea Camarhynchus
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