Download Welcome to Biology 122

Archezoa
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Archaezoa
Looking Back at Bio 115
The Organism as a Unit of Life
Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)…one or many!
Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)
Growth = irreversible change in size
Reproduction…failure = extinction
Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior
Adaptation-long term responses = evolution
Lumpers
Shifting Kingdoms
Animalia
Protista
Splitters
2
3
5
6
8
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Archezoans
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Euglenoids
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Chrysophytes
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Green Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Brown Algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Red algae
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
Slime Molds
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
True Fungi
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Protozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Myxozoans
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Multicellular
Animals
Extant
How Many Kingdoms?
8
Protista appears
5
3
Extinct
2
1
Original Cell
Extant
How Many Kingdoms?
Protista
refined
8
Protista appears
5
3
Extinct
2
1
Original Cell
Extant
How Many Kingdoms?
Protista
refined
8
Protista appears
Still needs refining!
5
3
Extinct
2
1
Original Cell
Cyanobacterium
endosymbiosis
Extinct
Eubacterium
endosymbiosis
Original Cell
Though sketched here as single
events, these endosymbioses were
very likely multiple events!
http://www.stockhillhouse.co.uk/griffon.jpg
Extant
How Many Kingdoms?
Archezoans
•
“Protozoan parasites without mitochondria or Golgi”
•
Oldest nucleated cells

Diverged from other Eukaryotes 2bybp…
prior to ER and Golgi evolution

Lack peroxisomes

Ribosomes are 70S but NOT 80S
•
400 species (many more likely unknown parasites!)
•
Three phyla:
1.
2.
3.
Archaeamoebae/Pelobiontida (Pelomyxa)
Metamonada (Giardia)
Microsporidia
Pseudopodia
Endosymbiotic
bacteria
Pelomyxa palustris
Free-living in freshwater
sediment (microaerophilic)
Phagocytosis active
Accumulate glycogen
reserves
At least 3 species of
endosymbiont in each
cell…two species are
methanogenic archaeons!
Uroid
Glycogen body
Anterior uroid
(macropseudopodium) for
amoeboid movement
Vacuoles
http://www.btinternet.com/~stephen.durr/pelomyxapalustris.html
Smaller pseudopodia do not
enlarge
Reproduction:
Mitosis of nucleus
Cytokinesis by furrowing
Nuclei
“Daughter” Amoeba
http://www.btinternet.com/~stephen.durr/
pelomyxapalustris.html
What would you suggest has
been a large component of this
individual’s phagocytosis diet?
http://www.microscopyuk.org.uk/micropolitan/fresh/protozoa/frame3.html
Giardia lamblia
Diplomonad intestinal parasite
2 nuclei in anterior of cell
Motility
2 anterior flagella
4 ventral flagella
2 posterior flagella
Ventral disc ridges provide
adhesion to host
http://www.nih.go.jp/niid/para/atlas/images/giardia-trph.jpg
Giardia lamblia
http://www.nih.go.jp/niid/para/atlas/images/giardia-cyst2.jpg
Parasite cyst in feces of
beaver released into
watershed
Humans ingest water…
cyst grows into
trophozoite (shown)…
parasite attaches to
intestinal wall
Parasite proliferates and,
as digestion continues, are
torn from lining leading to
bloody diarrhea
http://www.nps.gov/olym/people/giardia.jpg
Giardia lamblia
Parasite cyst showing
environmentally-stable
wall of cyst, ectoplasm,
endoplasm with 2 of 4
nuclei
http://atlas.or.kr/donation/donation_files/DSCN1031.jpg
http://atlas.or.kr/atlas/include/viewImg.html?uid=302
Trophozoites in various
planes of section showing
nuclei, flagellae, etc.
Adhesive disc from
ventral surface of
trophozoite.
Nosema locustae
Microsporidian parasite of locusts,
grasshoppers and crickets
http://bioweb.usu.edu/emlab/Galleries/parasite
s/color_microsporidia.jpg
http://www.agecology.com/productlogos/nol
obait.gif
http://entomology.unl.edu/images/beneficials/protozoan/nosema1.jpg
Used as a form of biological control
Nosema algerae
Microsporidian parasite of mosquitoes
Wet Mount
Scanning EM
Transmission EM
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/entomology/brooks/6a_d.jpg
Nosema apis
Microsporidian parasite of honeybees
Swollen intestinal system, loss of banding patterns
Diarrhea, winterkill
Control by Fumagillin-B
from
Aspergillus fumigatus
http://www.unisaarland.de/fak8/hartmann/image
s/fumagillin.jpg
http://maarec.cas.psu.edu/pest&disease/slide39.htm