Download Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates - Macromolecule
Carbohydrates:
Energy molecules
Carbohydrates
sugars
• Building block molecules =
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
• Function:
Carbohydrates
– quick energy
glucose
C6H12O6
– energy storage
– structure
• cell wall in plants
• Examples
sucrose
– sugars
– starches
– cellulose (cell wall)
starch
Sugars = building blocks
-ose
• Names for sugars usually end in
–
–
–
–
glucose
fructose
sucrose
maltose
CH2OH
H
HO
H
OH
H
O
H
H
OH
OH
glucose
C6H12O6
sucrose
fructose
Building carbohydrates
• Synthesis
1 sugar =
monosaccharide
|
glucose
|
glucose
mono = one
saccharide = sugar
di = two
2 sugars =
disaccharide
|
maltose
Water is leaving and
Dehydration
allows the monomers
Synthesis Reaction to combine and make
polymers
Building carbohydrates
• Synthesis1 sugar =
monosaccharide
|
glucose
|
fructose
2 sugars =
disaccharide
|
sucrose
(table sugar)
BIG carbohydrates-polysaccharides
• starch
– energy storage in plants
» potatoes
• glycogen
– energy storage in animals
» in liver & muscles
• cellulose
poly = many
– structure in plants
» cell walls
• chitin
– structure in arthropods & fungi
» exoskeleton
Building BIG carbohydrates
glucose + glucose + glucose… = polysaccharide
starch
(plant)
energy
storage
glycogen
(animal)
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starch
easy to
digest
Alpha
Sugar
cellulose
hard to
digest
(Beta
Sugar)
Cellulose
• Cell walls in plants
– herbivores can digest cellulose well
– most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
• that’s why they
eat meat
to get their energy
& nutrients
• cellulose = roughage
– stays undigested
– keeps material
moving in your
intestines
Different Diets of Herbivores
Cow
can digest cellulose well;
no need to eat other sugars
Gorilla
can’t digest cellulose well; must add
another sugar source, like fruit to
diet
Helpful bacteria
• How can cows digest cellulose so well?
– BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Eeeew…
Chewing
cud?