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Fig. 19.1, p. 476 Slide 1 Water Quality Do (ppm) at 20˚C Good 8-9 Slightly polluted 6.7-8 Moderately polluted Heavily polluted Gravely polluted 4.5-6.7 Below 4.5 Below 4 Fig. 19.2, p. 478 Slide 2 Types of organisms Clean Zone Decomposition Zone Septic Zone Normal clean water organisms (Trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly) Trash fish (carp, gar, Leeches) Fish absent, fungi, Sludge worms, bacteria (anaerobic) Recovery Zone Trash fish (carp, gar, Leeches) 8 ppm Clean Zone Normal clean water organisms (Trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly) 8 ppm Concentration Dissolved oxygen Oxygen sag Biological oxygen demand 2 ppm Direction of flow Point of waste or heat discharge Time of distance downstream Fig. 19.3, p. 479 Slide 3 Water 0.000002 ppm Herring gull 124 ppm Phytoplankton 0.0025 ppm Herring gull eggs 124 ppm Lake trout 4.83 ppm Zooplankton 0.123 ppm Rainbow smelt 1.04 ppm Fig. 19.4, p. 481 Slide 4 Discharge of untreated municipal sewage (nitrates and phosphates) Nitrogen compounds produced by cars and factories Discharge of detergents ( phosphates) Discharge of treated municipal sewage (primary and secondary treatment: nitrates and phosphates) Lake ecosystem nutrient overload and breakdown of chemical cycling Dissolving of nitrogen oxides (from internal combustion engines and furnaces) Natural runoff (nitrates and phosphates Manure runoff From feedlots (nitrates and Phosphates, ammonia) Runoff from streets, lawns, and construction lots (nitrates and phosphates) Runoff and erosion (from from cultivation, mining, construction, and poor land use) Fig. 19.5, p. 482 Slide 5 Fig. 19.6, p. 483 Slide 6 CANADA Nipigon Bay Jackfish Bay Thunder Bay Silver Bay St. Mary’s R. St. Lawrence R. Spanish R. St. Louis R. MICHIGAN Penetary Bay Sturgeon Bay WISCONSIN MICHIGAN Saginaw Bay Niagara Falls NEW Saginaw R. Grand R. System Niagara R. St. Clair R. Thames R. Buffalo R. Detroit R. Rouge R. Raisin R. Ashtabula R. Cuyahoga R. PENNSYLVANIA Maumee R. Rocky R. Black R. MINNESOTA IOWA ILLINOIS INDIANA YORK OHIO Great Lakes drainage basin Most polluted areas, according to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board “Hot spots” of toxic concentrations in water and sediments Eutrophic areas Fig. 19.7, p. 484 Slide 7 Industrial pollution Suffocated fish Beaches closed Sewage runoff Dead algae Low dissolved oxygen Mercurytainted fish Decreased fish population Fig. 19.8a, p. 485 Slide 8 Suburban sprawl Clear water PCB’s in sediment Lower water levels High dissolved oxygen Thriving fish population Fig. 19.8b, p. 485 Slide 9 Waste lagoon, pond, or basin Hazardous waste injection well Mining site Water pumping well Pumping well Road salt Buried gasoline and solvent tanks Sewer Landfill Cesspoll, septic tank Leakage from faulty casing Unconfined freshwater aquifer Groundwater Confined freshwater aquifer Groundwater flow Confined aquifer Discharge Fig. 19.9, p. 487 Slide 10 Contaminated Probability 10 to 20 percent Greater than 20 percent Not tested Fig. 19.10, p. 488 Slide 11 Industry Nitrogen oxides from autos and smokestacks; toxic chemicals, and heavy metals in effluents flow into bays and estuaries. Cities Toxic metals and oil from streets and parking lots pollute waters; sewage adds nitrogen and phosphorus. Urban sprawl Bacteria and viruses from sewers and septic tanks contaminate shellfish beds and close beaches; runoff of fertilization from lawns adds nitrogen and phosphorus. Closed beach Construction sites Sediments are washed into waterways, choking fish and plants, clouding waters, and blocking sunlight. Farms Run off of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers adds toxins and excess nitrogen and phosphorus. Red tides Excess nitrogen causes explosive growth of toxic microscopic algae, poisoning fish and marine mammals. Closed shellfish beds Oxygen-depleted zone Toxic sediments Chemicals and toxic metals contaminate shellfish beds, kill spawning fish, and accumulate in the tissues of bottom feeders. Healthy zone Clear, oxygen-rich waters promote growth of plankton and sea grasses, and support fish. Oxygen-depleted zone Sedimentation and algae overgrowth reduce sunlight, kill beneficial sea grasses, use up oxygen, and degrade habitat. Fig. 19.11, p. 489 Slide 12 Mississippi River Basin Ohio River Missouri River Mississippi River LOUISIANA Mississippi River Depleted Oxygen Gulf of Mexico Fig. 19.12, p. 490 Slide 13 Cooperstown NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA ATLANTIC OCEAN Harrisburg NEW JERSEY MARYLAND Baltimore WEST VIRGINIA Washington DELAWARE Richmond VIRGINIA Drainage basin Norfolk Chesapeake Bay No oxygen Low concentrations of oxygen Fig. 19.13, p. 490 Slide 14 Septic tank Nonperforated pipe Manhole (for cleanout) Household wastewater Perforated pipe Distribution box (optional) Drain field Vent pipe Gravel or crushed stone Fig. 19.14, p. 494 Slide 15 Secondary Primary Bar screen Grit chamber Settling tank Aeration tank Settling tank Chlorine disinfection tank To river, lake, or ocean Raw sewage from sewers (kills bacteria) Sludge Activated sludge Air pump Sludge digester Sludge drying bed Disposed of in landfill or ocean or applied to cropland, pasture, or rangeland Fig. 19.15, p. 494 Slide 16 Effluent from Secondary treatment Alum flocculation plus sediments Activated carbon Desalination (electrodialysis or reverse osmosis) 98% of suspended solids 90% of phosphates Nitrate removal Specialized compound removal (DDT, etc.) To rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, reservoirs, or industries 98% of dissolved organics Most of dissolved salts Recycled to land for irrigation and fertilization Fig. 19.16, p. 495 Slide 17 (1) Raw sewage drains by gravity into the first pool and flows through a long perforated PVC pipe into a bed of limestone gravel. (3) Wastewater flows through another perforated pipe into a second pool, where the same process is repeated. Sewage Treated water Wetland type plants First concrete pool Wetland type plants 45 centimeter layer of limestone gravel coated with decomposing bacteria (2) Microbes in the limestone gravel break down the sewage into chemicals, that can be absorbed by the plant roots, and the gravel absorbs phosphorus. Second concrete pool (4) Treated water flowing from the second pool is nearly free of bacteria and plant nutrients. Treated water can be recycled for irrigation and flushing toilets. Fig. 19.17, p. 497 Slide 18