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Chapter 11
The Prokaryotes:
Domains Bacteria
and Archaea
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Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case
Q&A
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 Bacteria are singlecelled organisms that
must absorb their
nutrients by simple
diffusion. The
dimensions of T.
namibiensis are several
hundred times larger
than most bacteria,
much too large for
simple diffusion to
operate. How does the
bacterium solve this
problem?
The Prokaryotes
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Domain Bacteria
 Proteobacteria
 From the mythical Greek god Proteus, who could assume
many shapes
 Gram-negative
 Chemoheterotrophic
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The Alphaproteobacteria
Learning Objective
11-1 Differentiate the alphaproteobacteria described in
this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.
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The Alphaproteobacteria
 Pelagibacter ubique
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Discovered by FISH technique
20% of prokaryotes in oceans
0.5% of all prokaryotes
1354 genes
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The Alphaproteobacteria
 Human pathogens
 Bartonella
 B. henselae: Cat-scratch disease
 Brucella: Brucellosis
 Ehrlichia: Tickborne
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The Alphaproteobacteria
 Obligate intracellular parasites
 Ehrlichia: Tickborne, ehrlichiosis
 Rickettsia: Arthropod-borne, spotted fevers
 R. prowazekii: Epidemic typhus
 R. typhi: Endemic murine typhus
 R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever
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Rickettsias
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Figure 11.1
The Alphaproteobacteria
 Wolbachia: Live in insects and other animals
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Applications p. 307
Wolbachia
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Applications p. 307
The Alphaproteobacteria
 Have prosthecae
 Caulobacter: Stalked
bacteria found in lakes
 Hyphomicrobium:
Budding bacteria found
in lakes
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Figures 11.2b, 11.3
The Alphaproteobacteria
 Plant pathogen
 Agrobacterium:
Insert a plasmid into
plant cells, inducing
a tumor
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Figure 9.19
The Alphaproteobacteria
 Chemoautotrophic
 Oxidize nitrogen for energy
 Fix CO2
 Nitrobacter: NH3  NO2–
 Nitrosomonas: NO2–  NO3–
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The Alphaproteobacteria
 Nitrogen-fixing
bacteria
 Azospirillum
 Grow in soil, using
nutrients excreted
by plants
 Fix nitrogen
 Rhizobium
 Fix nitrogen in the
roots of plants
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Figure 27.5
The Alphaproteobacteria
 Produce acetic acid from ethanol
 Acetobacter
 Gluconobacter
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Check Your Understanding
 Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the
orders of alphaproteobacteria described in this
chapter. 11-1
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The Betaproteobacteria
Learning Objective
11-2 Differentiate the betaproteobacteria described in
this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.
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The Betaproteobacteria
 Thiobacillus
 Chemoautotrophic;
oxidize sulfur:
H2S  SO42–
 Sphaerotilus
 Chemoheterotophic;
form sheaths
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Figure 11.5
The Betaproteobacteria
 Neisseria
 Chemoheterotrophic; cocci
 N. meningitidis
 N. gonorrhoeae
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Figure 11.6
The Betaproteobacteria
 Spirillum
 Chemoheterotrophic; helical
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Figure 11.4
The Betaproteobacteria
 Bordetella
 Chemoheterotrophic; rods
 B. pertussis
 Burkholderia
 Nosocomial
infections
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Figure 24.7
The Betaproteobacteria
 Zoogloea
 Slimy masses in aerobic sewage-treatment processes
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Figure 27.20
Check Your Understanding
 Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the
orders of betaproteobacteria described in this
chapter. 11-2
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The Gammaproteobacteria
Learning Objective
11-3 Differentiate the gammaproteobacteria
described in this chapter by drawing a
dichotomous key.
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The Gammaproteobacteria
 Pseudomonadales
 Pseudomonas
 Opportunistic
pathogens
 Metabolically
diverse
 Polar flagella
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Figure 11.7
The Gammaproteobacteria
 Pseudomonadales
 Moraxella
 Conjunctivitis
 Azotobacter and Azomonas
 Nitrogen fixing
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The Gammaproteobacteria
 Legionellales
 Legionella
 Found in streams,
warm-water pipes,
cooling towers
 L. pneumophilia
 Coxiella
 Q fever
transmitted via
aerosols or milk
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Figure 24.14b
The Gammaproteobacteria
 Vibrionales
 Found in coastal water
 Vibrio cholerae
causes cholera
 V. parahaemolyticus
causes
gastroenteritis
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Figure 11.8
The Gammaproteobacteria
 Enterobacteriales
(enterics)
 Peritrichous flagella;
facultatively anaerobic
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Enterobacter
Erwinia
Escherichia
Klebsiella
Proteus
Salmonella
Serratia
Shigella
Yersinia
The Gammaproteobacteria
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Figure 11.9a
The Gammaproteobacteria
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Figure 11.9b
The Gammaproteobacteria
 Pasteurellales
 Pasteurella
 Cause pneumonia and septicemia
 Haemophilus
 Require X (heme) and V (NAD+, NADP+) factors
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The Gammaproteobacteria
 Beggiatoa
 Chemoautotrophic; oxidize H2S to S0 for energy
 Francisella
 Chemoheterotrophic; tularemia
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Check Your Understanding
 Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the
orders of gammaproteobacteria described in
this chapter. 11-3
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The Deltaproteobacteria
Learning Objective
11-4 Differentiate the deltaproteobacteria described in
this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.
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The Deltaproteobacteria
 Bdellovibrio
 Prey on other
bacteria
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Figure 11.10
The Deltaproteobacteria
 Desulfovibrionales
 Use S instead of O2 as final electron acceptor
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The Deltaproteobacteria
 Myxococcales
 Gliding
 Cells aggregate to
form myxospores
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Figure 11.11
Check Your Understanding
 Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the
deltaproteobacteria described in this chapter.
4
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11-
The Epsilonproteobacteria
Learning Objective
11-5 Differentiate the epsilonproteobacteria described
in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.
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The Epsilonproteobacteria
 Campylobacter
 One polar flagellum
 Gastroenteritis
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The Epsilonproteobacteria
 Helicobacter
 Multiple flagella
 Peptic ulcers
 Stomach cancer
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Figure 11.12
Check Your Understanding
 Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the
epsilonproteobacteria described in this chapter.
11-5
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Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative
Bacteria
Learning Objectives
11-6 Differentiate the groups of nonproteobacteria
gram-negative bacteria described in this chapter
by drawing a dichotomous key.
11-7 Compare and contrast purple and green
photosynthetic bacteria with the cyanobacteria.
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Phototrophic
 Oxygenic photosynthesis
 Anoxygenic photosynthesis
2H2O + CO2
2H2S + CO2
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light
light
(CH2O) + H2O + O2
(CH2O) + H2O + 2S0
Oxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria
 Cyanobacteria
 Gliding motility
 Fix nitrogen
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Cyanobacteria
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Figure 11.13
Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria
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Purple sulfur
Purple nonsulfur
Green sulfur
Green nonsulfur
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Purple Sulfur Bacteria
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Figure 11.14
Check Your Understanding
 Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the gramnegative nonproteobacteria described in this
chapter. 11-6
 Both the purple and green photosynthetic bacteria
and the photosynthetic cyanobacteria use plantlike
photosynthesis to make carbohydrates. In what way
does the photosynthesis carried out by these two
groups differ from plant photosynthesis? 11-7
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The Gram-Positive Bacteria
Learning Objectives
11-8 Differentiate the genera of firmicutes
described in this chapter by drawing a
dichotomous key.
11-9 Differentiate the actinobacteria described in
this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.
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Firmicutes
 Low G + C
 Gram-positive
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Clostridiales
 Clostridium
 Endospore-producing
 Obligate anaerobes
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Figure 11.15
Clostridiales
 Epulopiscium
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Figure 11.16
Bacillales
 Bacillus
 Endospore–producing rods
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Figure 11.17b
Bacillales
 Staphylococcus
 Cocci
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Figure 11.18
Lactobacillales
 Generally
aerotolerant
anaerobes; lack
an electrontransport chain
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


[Insert Figure 11.19]
Lactobacillus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Listeria
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Figure 11.19
Mycoplasmatales
 Wall-less; pleomorphic
 0.1 - 0.24 µm
 M. pneumoniae
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Figure 11.20a, b
Check Your Understanding
 Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the low
G + C gram-positive bacteria described in this
chapter. 11-8
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Actinobacteria
 High G + C
 Gram-positive
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Actinobacteria
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Actinomyces
Corynebacterium
Frankia
Gardnerella
Mycobacterium
Nocardia
Propionibacterium
Streptomyces
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Streptomyces
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Figure 11.21
Streptomyces
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Figure 11.21
Actinomyces
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Figure 11.22
Check Your Understanding
 Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the high
G + C gram-positive bacteria described in this
chapter. 11-9
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Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negatives
Learning Objective
11-10 Differentiate among Planctomycetes,
chlamydias, spirochetes, Bacteroidetes,
Cytophaga, and Fusobacteria by drawing a
dichotomous key.
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Planctomycetes
 Gemmata obscuriglobus
 Double internal membrane around DNA
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Figure 11.23
Chlamydias
 Chlamydia trachomatis
 Trachoma
 STI, urethritis
 Chlamydophila
pneumoniae
 Chlamydophila psittaci
 Psittacosis
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Figure 11.24b
Life Cycle of the Chlamydias
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Figure 11.24a
Spirochetes
 Borrelia
 Leptospira
 Treponema
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Figure 11.25
Bacteroidetes
 Anaerobic
 Bacteroides are found in the mouth and large intestine
 Cytophaga: Cellulose-degrading in soil
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Fusobacteria
 Fusobacterium
 Are found in the
mouth
 May be
involved in
dental diseases
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Figure 11.26
Check Your Understanding
 Make a dichotomous key to distinguish
Planctomycetes, chlamydias, spirochetes,
Bacteroidetes, Cytophaga, and Fusobacteria.
11-10
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Domain Archaea
Learning Objective
11-11 Name a habitat for each group of archaea.
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Domain Archaea
Extremophiles
 Hyperthermophiles
 Pyrodictium
 Sulfolobus
 Methanogens
 Methanobacterium
 Extreme halophiles
 Halobacterium
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Archaea
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Figure 11.27
Check Your Understanding
 What kind of archaea would populate solar
evaporating ponds? 11-11
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Microbial Diversity
Learning Objective
11-12 List two factors that contribute to the limits of our
knowledge of microbial diversity.
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Microbial Diversity
 Bacteria size range
 Thiomargarita
(750 µm)
 Nanobacteria
(0.02 µm) in rocks
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Figure 11.28
Microbial Diversity
 PCR indicates up to 10,000 bacteria per gram of
soil.
 Many bacteria have not been identified because they
 Haven't been cultured
 Need special nutrients
 Are a part of complex food chains requiring the products of
other bacteria
 Need to be cultured to understand their metabolism and
ecological role
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Q&A
 Bacteria are singlecelled organisms that
must absorb their
nutrients by simple
diffusion. The
dimensions of T.
namibiensis are several
hundred times larger
than most bacteria,
much too large for
simple diffusion to
operate. How does the
bacterium solve this
problem?
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Check Your Understanding
 How can you detect the presence of a
bacterium that cannot be cultured? 11-12
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