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The Kingdoms
The 6 Kingdoms
Organisms are placed
into kingdoms based
on their type of cells,
their ability to make
food and the number of
cells in their bodies
Prokaryotes (Bacteria)
-organisms whose cells lack a
nucleus
 Nucleic acids are scattered
throughout the cell.
Ecological Importance
of Prokaryotes
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Decomposition
Nitrogen fixation
Mutualistic relationships
Parasitic relationships
Commercial uses
Treponema
pallidum,
a spiral-shaped
bacteria which
causes Syphilis in
humans
Eukaryotes
organisms with cells
that contain nuclei.
Their chemical
instructions are in the
nucleus.
Introduction to Phylogenetic
Kingdoms
• Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) Prokaryotes
• Protistia – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi, plants,
or animals
• Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeasts),
• Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, non-motile,
autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose
• Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, motile,
heterotrophic, no cell wall
Where Do Viruses Fit?
• Not a cell
• Not “alive”?
– Do not grow,
– do not maintain homeostasis
• Nucleic acids in protein shell
• Use host cell to replicate
Early
Stage of
Influenza
Virus
Kingdoms and Domains
The three-domain system
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
The six-kingdom system
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
The traditional five-kingdom system
Monera
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Kingdom Monera
The traditional five-kingdom system
Monera
The six-kingdom system
Eubacteria
Archaea
The Kingdom Monera
Eubacteria
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Common name: Bacteria
Unicellular prokaryotes
Have cell wall
Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli,
spirilla
Streptococcus mutans
(can cause endocarditis
and dental caries)
Bacillus anthracis
(spores can live in soil
for years)
Eubacteria
a. Can be found in yogurt
b. Unicellular bacteria
c. Autotrophic or heterotrophic
d. Most are helpful, some
cause things like strep throat
Bacteria which
causes strep throat
Archaebacteria
means “ancient bacteria”
a. Unicellular bacteria
b. Autotrophic or
heterotrophic
c. Live in places without
oxygen (ocean floor, salty
water, hot springs, and your
intestines!)
d. EXTREME!
The Kingdom Protista
Slime molds
b. Autotrophic or heterotrophic
c. Most unicellular
d. Some multicellular,
sea weed
e. Eukaryotes
A classification problem
• Some move with flagella,
pseudopods or cilia
• Animal-like, plant-like and funguslike groups
Entamoeba
histolytica
Ecological
Importance of
Protists
• Important foundation in food
chain
• Produce a lot of Oxygen
• Decomposition
• Symbiotic relationships
– Mutualistic
– Parasitic
• Medicinal and Industrial Uses
Euglena is both
autotrophic
and heterotrophic
The Kingdom Fungi
Mushrooms, molds and
mildew
b. Most are Multicellular
eukaryotes
c. Yeast is unicellular
eukaryotes
d. Most found on land, a few
in fresh water
e. Heterotrophs—feed on
decaying organisms
Puffball
Drops of rain trigger
the release of spores
Pholiota spp
Degrades wood
very quickly
Ecological
Importance of
Fungi
• Decomposers
• Symbiotic
– Parasitic
• On plants
• On animals
– Mutualistic
• Lichens
• Mycorrhizae
Epidermop
hyton
floccosum,
fungi
causing
athlete’s
foot
The Kingdom Plantae
Dandelions, mosses, tomatoes
b. Multicellular eukaryotes
c. Autotrophs
d. Some produce flowers some
do not
e. Can be small or grow tall
like a sequoia tree
Sunflowers
in
Fargo,
North
Dakota
Major Groups of
Plants
• Three traditional groupings:
– Bryophytes—nonvascular
plants
– Pteridophytes — vascular,
seedless plants
– Seed plants
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgos are often
very long-lived.
Some specimens
are thought to be
more than 3,500
years old.
Importance of Plants to
Humans
• Food source – Wheat, grains,
fruits, vegetables
• Medicine – Aspirin, cancer
treatments, stimulants
• Industry – Agriculture, wood
products, cotton
Sugarcane
The Kingdom
Animalia
Dogs, fleas, rabbits
• Multicellular eukaryotes.
• Heterotrophs
Baby
Chicks
Invertebrates and
Vertebrates
• Invertebrates
– 99% of the Animal Kingdom
– Absence of backbone
– Includes sponges, cnidarians,
mollusks, worms, arthropods,
and echinoderms
• Vertebrates
– Internal skeleton (bone or
cartilage)
– Includes fish, amphibians,
reptiles, birds, and mammals
Asian ladybeetle
Harmonia
axyridis
Notice the
“false” white
eye markings
behind the head.
Invertebrate Animals
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Sponges
Cnidarians
Worms
Mollusks
Arthropods
Echinoderms
Colony of sponges
Chambered Nautilus
Invertebrate Animals
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Sponges
Cnidarians
Worms
Mollusks
Arthropods
Echinoderms
Hymenoptera Dialictus
zephrum
Txodes scapularis
Deer tick
Vertebrate Animals
• Chordates
• Fish
– Agnatha (jawless fish/lamprey)
– Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays)
– Osteichthyes (bass, tuna, salmon)
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Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Ardea herodias
Great Grey
Heron
Name 6 Kingdoms
Name 6 Kingdoms
The six-kingdom system
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
What is a prokaryote?
Prokaryotes
organisms whose cells lack a nucleus
 Nucleic acids are scattered throughout
the cell. Bacteria.
Which 2 kingdoms only have
prokaryotes?
Kingdom Monera
The traditional five-kingdom system
Monera
The six-kingdom system
Eubacteria
Archaea
Which kingdoms include only
heterotrophic organisms?
Which kingdoms include only
heterotrophic organisms?
• Fungi and animalia