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Chapter 20 DNA Technology & Genomics Biotechnology Terms Biotechnology Process of manipulating organisms or their components to make useful products Genetic engineering + tissue/cell culturing technologies Genetic Engineering Manipulation of individual genes or entire genomes Insulin (insulin E. coli bacteria OR yeast) & GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) Recombinant DNA Artificially created DNA Typically, DNA is integrated from another species Slide 2 of 25 Biotechnology Terms (Page 2) Gene Cloning Laboratory production of multiple copies of DNA segment Therapeutic cloning – embryonic stem cells Spinal cord injuries Reproductive (organismal) cloning – Dolly the sheep Restriction Enzymes Enzymes that cut DNA at specific locations Usually, derived from bacteria Cut sites of DNA = restriction fragments Sticky ends – restriction fragments usually have one end longer than the other Slide 3 of 25 Slide 4 of 25 Slide 5 of 25 Quick Assignment Relate the 6 terms just discussed in a concept map. Be prepared to defend your arrangement Slide 6 of 25 Cloning Process 5 steps (first 2) 1. Identify & isolate the gene of interest Involves finding a cloning vector – plasmid or organism used to carry the DNA sequence to be cloned 2. Cut gene of interest from original site & open up vector’s DNA using a ________ ________ This ensures matching sticky ends on gene of interest & vector DNA Slide 7 of 25 Cloning Process (Page 2) 5 steps (3-4) 3. Combine the 2 DNA pieces (into a recombinant plasmid?) Recombinant plasmid – plasmid + DNA fragments Sealed together using DNA Ligase Remember: we used ________ ________ to cut gene of interest from original site & cut vector’s DNA This ensures matching sticky ends on gene of interest & vector DNA 4. Transfer the vector (recombinant plasmid) into a host cell Usually involves bacterial transformation Slide 8 of 25 Bacteria & Genetic Recombination Conjugation Bacterial Sex Genetic material is exchanged by direct contact Transduction Phage transfer of DNA Involves a phage vector Phage moves the DNA from bacterium to other bacterium Slide 9 of 25 Bacteria & Genetic Recombination Transformation Uptake of exogenous DNA Griffith’s experiment pathogenic DNA was transferred to benign bacteria Most common method for genetic engineering Slide 10 of 25 Step 5 Select for transformed cells Link the gene of interest with a reporter gene Such as pBLU or pGLO pBLU = Blue coloration pGLO = fluorescent green under UV light In Lab 6, we will insert the coloration gene and an ampicillin resistance gene to select for transformed cells Slide 11 of 25 Slide 12 of 25 At this point… You know which cells have the gene of interest You can identify the cells that have the gene of interest Now what? You need to extract the gene of interest How would you do that? Slide 13 of 25 Nucleic Acid Hybridization Detects the gene of interest Uses a short, single stranded DNA or RNA called a nucleic acid probe The nucleic acid probe is complementary to a known sequence in the gene of interest Usually attach a radioactive isotope or fluorescent tag protein so that it is detectable Slide 14 of 25 Genomic Libraries Nucleic Acid Hybridization repeated many times produces a genomic library Thousands of recombinant clones Each has a piece of the original genome being studied Slide 15 of 25 cDNA Library cDNA = complementary DNA mRNA is extracted from cells Use what enzyme to make DNA from this mRNA? Then make another strand of DNA using what enzyme? cDNA library is only a portion of the genome Portion that codes for mRNA Exons? Introns? tRNA? rRNA? Slide 16 of 25 Microarray Assay Genome-wide study of gene expression Different genes are in each well Identifies gene interactions + provides clues to gene functions Take samples throughout development + assay to determine which genes are expressed and at what stages Detect patterns of expression throughout development Detect likely response to a pathogenic agent Slide 17 of 25 Slide 18 of 25 PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction Thermal cycling Amplification of DNA 3 Steps Denaturation (Heating) Annealing (Cooling) Primer formation Extension DNA polymerase adds nucleotides at 3’ end Slide 19 of 25 Gel Electrophoresis DNA is negatively charged so it moves AWAY from the (-) cathode toward the (+) anode Slide 20 of 25 Slide 21 of 25 Southern Blotting Used to detect specific DNA sequences Useful for comparing samples Combines gel electrophoresis + nucleic acid hybridization Slide 22 of 25 Slide 23 of 25 DNA Technology affects us… Disease Diagnosis PCR used to detect traces of viral DNA or RNA in sample RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms) Different alleles have different RFLPs Gene Therapy – alter afflicted genes Pharmaceutical Production – Insulin production Forensic Application – DNA fingerprints Slide 24 of 25 Page 2 Environmental cleanup Genetically engineered microbes Detoxification of specific wastes Agricultural applications Insert pest-resistant or drought-resistant genes GMO (Genetically Modified Organisms) You eat GMO corn, soybeans, canola and cottonseed oil Probably at least weekly 46% of GMOs are grown in US Europe had 12 year moratorium on growing GE foods Slide 25 of 25