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Download Mini-lesson on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
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Transcript
Mini-lesson on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells What the words mean Prokaryotes • Pro = before • Karyose = kernel, which represents the nucleus • So prokaryotes occurred before cells with a nucleus Eukaryotes • Eu = true • Karyose = kernel, the nucleus • So eukaryotes are the cells with a true nucleus A prokaryotic cell http://www.cod.edu/PEOPLE/FACULTY/FANCHER/ProkEuk.htm Eukaryotic cell http://www.cod.edu/PEOPLE/FACULTY/FANCHER/ProkEuk.htm Similarities and Differences • • • • Prokaryotic cell DNA- circular, has no ends Bacteria Nucleoid – not a real structure, just a word to describe the inside of the cell where the nuclear material sits Tiny cells- tough to see on 400x • • • • Eukaryotic cell DNA- linear, has ends Found in animals, plants, and fungi (yeast) True membrane bound nucleus surrounding chromosomes Larger cells- could be seen on 400x More similarities and differences Prokaryotes • Ribosomes are simple • No membrane bound organelles • Believed to be what led to chloroplasts and mitochondria (see next slide) Eukaryotes • Ribosomes are complex • Membrane bound organelles Chloroplasts and mitochondria • Evidence suggests that chloroplasts and mitochondria were once bacteria that developed a symbiotic relationship with cells that have a nucleus • Chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own circular DNA that is not a part of the host’s genome. • Yes plants have both chloroplasts and mitochondria. What happened with the gram staining? Staining Bacteria • Gram stains work because of their membrane structure • Methylene blue works, but the buttermilk was too messy to really be able to see all of the teeny tiny dots (sorry) Staining Yeast • Gram stains won’t work because of their membrane structure • Ethanol shrunk the cells in the gram stain so the cells looked like tiny dots, if you could find them • Methylene blue works great • All of your yeast should have been killed from the heat and therefore were blue If the world was perfect… (which it is not, by the way) • The bacteria would have come out gram positive because they were Streptococcus • You would have been able to see teeny tiny little balls on the slide • You did NOTHING WRONG. • The destaining step needs to be explained better in the protocol. • Next year we’ll try culturing the cells before making slides of them. Sorry for the frustration. (But this is how science is sometimes…)