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Cancer takes many different forms and
can affect people of all ages.
cancer
metastasis
tumor
carcinogen
benign
biopsy
malignant
remission
What Is Cancer?
Cancer has a variety of forms and affects
different areas of the body.
When abnormal cells reproduce rapidly and
uncontrollably, they can build up inside otherwise
normal tissue.
What Is Cancer?
Cancer occurs when abnormal cells reproduce
rapidly and uncontrollably, building up inside
otherwise normal tissue and spreading through the
body.
Cancer
Uncontrollable growth of
abnormal cells
How Cancer Harms the Body
When abnormal cells build up in the body, they can
form a tumor.
Tumor
an abnormal mass of
tissue that has no natural
role in the body
How Cancer Harms the Body
A benign tumor grows slowly and is surrounded by
membranes that prevent it from spreading.
Benign
Non-cancerous
How Cancer Harms the Body
A malignant tumor spreads to neighboring tissues
and enters the blood or lymph to travel to other
parts of the body.
Malignant
Cancerous
How Cancer Harms the Body
Metastasis is the process that occurs when a
malignant tumor spreads to other parts of the body.
Metastasis
The spread of cancer from the
point where it originated to other
parts of the body
Types of Cancer
Types of Cancer
Lymphomas
Cancers of the immune system
Leukemias
Cancers of the blood-forming organs
Carcinomas
Cancers of the glands and body linings,
including the skin and the linings of the
digestive tract and lungs
Sarcomas
Cancers of connective tissue, such as bones,
ligaments, and muscles
Types of Cancer
Organ Affected
Some Risk Factors
Skin
Exposure to UV radiation
Breast
Genetic factors, obesity, alcohol use, physical inactivity
Prostate
Possible hereditary link, possible link to high-fat diet
Lung
Exposure to cigarette smoke, radon, or asbestos
Colon/Rectum
A diet that is high in fat and low in fiber
Mouth
Use of tobacco, chewing tobacco, or alcohol
Cervix
History of infection with human papillomavirus (HPV)
Testicle
Undescended testicle, family history of testicular cancer
Risk Factors for Cancer
Risk factors for cancer include lifestyle
behaviors.
When the immune system is weak or the
abnormal cells multiply faster than the immune
system can destroy them, cancer may
develop.
Carcinogens
Many cancers develop because of exposure to a
carcinogen.
Carcinogen
Cancer-causing substance
Tobacco Use
The number one cause of cancer deaths in the
United States is tobacco use.
At least 43 different carcinogens have been
identified in tobacco and tobacco smoke.
Tobacco Use
215,000 cases of smoking-related lung cancer
are diagnosed each year.
87 percent of lung cancer deaths are caused
by smoking.
30 percent of all other cancers are linked to
tobacco use.
Tobacco Use
This person’s cancer may have been caused by
using smokeless tobacco.
Radiation
The glow of a suntan is actually your skin’s
reaction to damage from the sun.
UV radiation from the sun is the main cause of skin
cancer.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Human papillomavirus, or
HPV, can cause cervical
cancer.
Some sexually
transmitted viruses
have the ability to
cause cancer.
Hepatitis B virus can cause
liver cancer.
Dietary Factors
About 30 percent of all cancer deaths are caused
by dietary risk factors.
A diet that is high in fat and low in fiber is often
linked with colon, breast, and prostate cancers.
Reducing Your Risk
You can reduce your risk of cancer by
practicing healthful behaviors.
One of the most frightening aspects of cancer is
that it seems to strike people at random.
Reducing Your Risk
 Protect your skin from UV radiation.
 Avoid tobacco and alcohol.
 Practice abstinence from sexual activity.
 Be physically active.
 Maintain a healthy weight.
 Eat nutritious foods.
 Follow an eating plan that is low in saturated fat and high in fiber.
 Recognize the warning signs of cancer.
Detecting and Treating Cancer
Successful cancer treatment depends on
early detection and the right kind of
treatment.
The survival rate for people with cancer depends
on two main factors: early detection and the type
of cancer.
Detecting and Treating Cancer
Early detection is the most critical factor in
successful cancer treatment.
Early detection depends on both self-examination
and medical examination.
Detecting and Treating Cancer
Self-examination involves checking your own body
for possible signs of cancer.
Many types of cancer, including those of the
breasts, testicles, and skin, are discovered early
through self-examination.
Detecting and Treating Cancer
Medical examination, or medical screening,
involves testing by a doctor for early signs of
cancer.
About half of all new cancer cases each year are
detected during a routine medical screening.
Detecting and Treating Cancer
If a doctor thinks cancer is a possibility, a biopsy
may be ordered to determine whether cancer is
present.
Biopsy
The removal of a small piece
of tissue for examination
Detecting and Treating Cancer
Warning Signs Of Cancer
Change in bowel habits or bladder function
Sores that will not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or other body part
Indigestion or trouble swallowing
Change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
Treatment Options
Surgery
Removes some or all of the cancerous
masses from the body
Radiation
Therapy
Uses radioactive substances to kill cancer
cells and shrink cancerous masses
Chemotherapy
Uses chemicals to destroy cancer cells
Immunotherapy
Activates a person’s immune system to
recognize specific cancers and destroy them
Hormone
Therapy
Uses medicines to interfere with the production
of certain hormones that help cancer cells grow
Treatment Options
When treatment works and the cancer is either
gone or under control, the cancer is said to be in
remission.
Remission
a period of time when
symptoms disappear
After You Read
Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary
1. What is metastasis?
The spread of cancer from the point where
it originated to other parts of the body
After You Read
Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary
2. What are the two important methods for
early cancer detection?
Self-examination and medical examination
After You Read
Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary
3. Identify three cancer treatment options.
Any three: surgery, radiation therapy,
chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone
therapy