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Lifetime Probability of Developing Cancer, Men, 20022004*
Site
Risk
All sites†
Prostate
1 in 2
1 in 6
Lung and bronchus
1 in 13
Colon and rectum
1 in 18
Urinary bladder‡
1 in 27
Melanoma
1 in 41
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
1 in 46
Kidney
1 in 59
Leukemia
1 in 67
Oral Cavity
1 in 71
Stomach
1 in 88
* For those free of cancer at beginning of age interval.
† All Sites exclude basal and squamous cell skin cancers and in situ cancers except urinary bladder.
‡ Includes invasive and in situ cancer cases
Source: DevCan: Probability of Developing or Dying of Cancer Software, Version 6.2.1 Statistical Research and
Applications Branch, NCI, 2007. http://srab.cancer.gov/devcan
Lifetime Probability of Developing Cancer, Women, US, 2002-2004
Site
Risk
All sites†
Breast
1 in 3
1 in 8
Lung & bronchus
1 in 16
Colon & rectum
1 in 19
Uterine corpus
1 in 41
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
1 in 53
Melanoma
1 in 61
Ovary
1 in 71
Pancreas
1 in 76
Urinary bladder‡
1 in 85
Uterine cervix
1 in 142
* For those free of cancer at beginning of age interval.
† All Sites exclude basal and squamous cell skin cancers and in situ cancers except urinary bladder.
‡ Includes invasive and in situ cancer cases
Source: DevCan: Probability of Developing or Dying of Cancer Software, Version 6.2.1 Statistical Research and
Applications Branch, NCI, 2007. http://srab.cancer.gov/devcan
Cancer Survival*(%) by Race,1996-2003
Site
African
WhiteAmerican
Absolute
Difference
All Sites
67
57
10
Breast (female)
90
78
12
Colon
66
55
11
Esophagus
18
11
7
Leukemia
51
40
11
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
65
56
9
Oral cavity
62
41
21
Prostate
99
95
4
Rectum
66
58
8
Urinary bladder
81
65
16
Uterine cervix
74
66
8
Uterine corpus
86
61
25
*5-year relative survival rates based on cancer patients diagnosed from 1996 to 2003 and followed through 2004.
Source: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, 1975-2004, Division of Cancer Control and
Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 2007.
Trends in Five-year Relative Survival (%)* Rates, US, 19752003
Site
1975-1977
1984-1986
1996-2003
•
All sites
50
54
66
•
Breast (female)
75
79
89
•
Colon
51
59
65
•
Leukemia
35
42
50
•
Lung and bronchus
13
13
16
•
Melanoma
82
87
92
•
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
48
53
64
•
Ovary
37
40
45
•
Pancreas
2
3
5
•
Prostate
69
76
99
•
Rectum
49
57
66
•
Urinary bladder
74
78
81
*5-year relative survival rates based on follow up of patients through 2004.
Source: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, 1975-2004, Division of Cancer Control and
Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 2007.
Cancer Death Rates* in Children 0-14 Years by Sex, US, 20002004
Site
Male
Female Total
All sites
2.7
2.3
2.5
Leukemia
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.4
Brain/ONS
0.8
0.7
0.7
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
0.1
0.1
0.1
Soft tissue
0.1
0.1
0.1
Bone and Joint
0.1
0.1
0.1
Kidney and Renal pelvis
0.1
0.1
0.1
Acute Lymphocytic
*Per 100,000, age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population.
ONS = Other nervous system
Source: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, 1975-2004, Division of Cancer Control and
Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 2007.
CELL DIVISION
Division
Growth,
preparing for
division
• Growth after
division
• The time when
cells
differentiate
• Longest phase
DNA Synthesis –
Duplication of
chromosomes
Division stops
when the cell
reaches it’s
function
CELLULAR
REPRODUCTION
STEM CELL
Normal, fully differentiated cells with special
functions, fixed life span and slow (or no) growth.
CANCER
REPRODUCTION
Continuous reproduction of poorly differentiated
highly malignant cancer cells.
CELLULAR
REPRODUCTION
STEM CELL
Continuous reproduction of moderately
differentiated moderately malignant cancer cells.
CELLULAR
REPRODUCTION
STEM CELL
Continuous reproduction of well differentiated low
malignant cancer cells.
ENVIRONMENT
•
•
•
•
Chemicals
Viruses
X-rays
Radioactive Materials
ENVIRONMENT
• Chemicals
• Occupational
• Life-style
• Water
ENVIRONMENT
• Chemicals
• Occupational
• Life-style
• Smoking
• Dietary
ENVIRONMENT
• Dietary
• Smoked, pickled, cured
• High in nitrates
• Cooked at high temps
• High Fat
ENVIRONMENT
• Chemicals
• Occupational
• Life-style
• Water
ENVIRONMENT
• Viruses
• Papovirsuses
• Adenoviruses
• Herpesviruses
• B-type viruses
• C-type Viruses
ENVIRONMENT
•
•
•
•
•
Chemicals
Viruses
X-rays
Radioactive Materials
Oxidative Stress
GENETICS
• Diseases
• Immune System defects
GENETICS
• Breast
• 1 in 5 vs. 1 in 12
• Stomach
• Colon
• 20x
• Uterine
• Prostate
• Lung
GENETICS
• Diseases
• Xeroderma pigmentosum
• Franconi's Anemia
• Bloom's Syndrome
• Garner's Syndrome
• Ataxia Telangiectasia
CARCINOGENESIS
COLON CANCER
140
Mortality Ratio
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1
2
Job Level
3
4&5
Vena et al. Am J Clin Nutr 45:328-327, 1987
Normal
Colon
Cancer
Patient
McTiernan et al. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers Prevention 15:1588-97, 2006
COLON CELL PROLIFERATION AND EXERCISE
20
Proliferation Markers (%)
19.5
19
18.5
Before
18
After
17.5
17
16.5
Controls
Exercise >250 min/wk
McTiernan et al. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers Prevention 15:1588-97, 2006
BREAST CANCER
120
Mortality Ratio
100
80
60
40
20
0
1
2
Job Level
3 to 5
Vena et al. Am J Clin Nutr 45:328-327, 1987
MAMMOGRAPHIC DENSITY AND PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
6000
5000
4000
<30 BMI
3000
>30 BMI
2000
1000
0
Low
Moderate
High
Irwin, ML, et al. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 95:171-178, 2006
Estrone concentration
REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES AND
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
46
45.5
45
44.5
44
43.5
43
42.5
42
41.5
41
40.5
Control
Exercise
Baseline
3 months
12 months
McTiernan, et al. Cancer Research 64:2923-2928, 2004.
Estradiol Concentration
REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES AND
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
18.5
18
17.5
Control
17
Exercise
16.5
16
Baseline
3 months
12 months
McTiernan, et al. Cancer Research 64:2923-2928, 2004.
EPIDEMIOLOGY:
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND CANCER
350
Percent Risk (%)
300
250
200
Risk
Reduction
150
100
50
0
Rectal
Prostate
Lung
IMMUNE FUNCTION
Pain
Fatigue
Nausea
Sleep Disturbances
Depression
Shortness of Breath
Exercisers
Non-Exercisers
Memory Loss
Weight Loss
Skin Problems
Hot Flashes
Concentration
Hair Loss
0
2
4
6
8
Mustain, KM, et al Support Care Cancer 14:732-741, 2006.