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Chapter 8: Economics of Big Business Market Structure Perfect Competition – Monopolistic Competition – Oligapoly Monopoly Degree of Market Power Concentration Ratio – percentage of the market sale by the largest four (or eight) firms – CR > 0.70 indicates significant market power Perfect Competition Many buyers and many sellers Homogeneous product No barriers to enter the market Firms are price takers: – Market price is set by D & S – Firms produce all they can at the market price Profit Maximization Business firms try to make the highest possible profit – Profit = Total Revenue – Total Cost Profit is maximized when MC = MR – MC = additional cost of producing an extra unit – MR = additional revenue from selling an extra unit Price-Taker Firms: P=MR=MC Price Market D Price Firm S S = MC D = MR P P MC=MR S D Q Quantity q Quantity Monopoly Many buyers, but only one seller Product maybe unique or differentiated Barriers to enter the market Firms are price-makers, facing the market demand Reasons for Monopoly Control the supply of raw materials Investment / R&D requirements Government licensing Natural Monopoly Price-Maker Firms: P>MC=MR Price D MC P MC=MR MC MR Q D Quantity Perfect Competition vs. Monopoly Monopoly price is higher than the competitive price Monopoly output is lower than the competitive output Since monopoly causes resource misallocation it is outlawed by the Anti Trust Law Price-Output Comparison Price D Dead Weight Loss=ABC MC A Pm P=MC C Pc MC=MR B D MR Qm Qc Quantity Pc = competitive price Qc = competitive output Pm = monopoly price Qm = monopoly output Pm>Pc but Qm<Qc Natural Monopoly A firm that experiences “economies of scale” so that it operates with a declining average cost It is less costly to have one large firm than several small firms Government permits natural monopoly, but regulates its price to minimize the DW-loss Long-run Average Cost $ Cost Diseconomies of scale Economies of scale 4 1 25 100 Quantity