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Multistage Games • Many economic situations exist in which one agent acts before the other • Decision makers must consider the manner in which their rival will respond to their decision • Decision makers should only consider credible responses Pricing Strategies • Attempt to discourage entry by charging a low price -low price must somehow convey bad news to potential entrants about their post-entry profitability in the market -potential entrants must believe that the low price will persist after entry • Low price in second period is not credible—so the entrant should enter • Is there any way to use price to deter entry? -low price can be signal of low costs • What about signaling aggressive pricing behaviour? -would have to keep it up for ever—not profitable Research and Development and New Technology Adoption • Three Stages of Technological Progress: -basic research -applied research -diffusion (adoption, imitation) • Two types of innovations: -product (create new goods/services) -process (reduce cost of producing) Incentive to innovate and market structure • Replacement effect: -monopolist’s pre-invention profits act as a disincentive to innovate • Efficiency effect: -benefit from being a monopolist as compared to 1 of 2 duopolists > than benefit from being 1 of 2 duopolists as compared to out of the industry -depends on level of uncertainty monopolist has about likelihood potential entrant enters (if less likely, monopolist has less incentive to innovate) -depends on speed of innovation (if drastic, potential entrant has as much incentive as monopolist Technology adoption • If alone in market, delay adoption until demand is high enough and adoption costs are low enough • But what if more than one firm? • Preemptive equilibrium: -consider a process innovation and Bertrand competition -after one firm has adopted, other may delay (never pays to be second) • Delayed adoption equilibrium: -consider a product innovation such that consumers will switch to the innovated product -this triggers immediate imitation in order not to loose customer base -if rival can be observed, equilibrium is for both firms to adopt the strategy “adopt if I see my rival adopt”, and so neither ever adopts -if rival can’t be observed, equilibrium is for both to adopt immediately