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Determinants of Market Demand IB Economics tutor2u Demand: Buyers in the Market Demand: • The quantity of a product that consumers are willing and able to buy at a given price over a given period of time • Consider the demand for iPod Nano’s or iPod Touches – what will happen to the demand as the price decreases? tutor2u The Demand Curve tutor2u Draw a diagram to show the relationship between the price of iPod Nano’s or Touches and their price On the diagram illustrate a contraction in demand as a result of an increase in price and an extension in demand as a result of a decrease in price Downward-sloping demand curve Firstly at lower prices, consumers can afford to purchase more with their income Secondly, a fall in price makes one good relatively cheaper than a substitute Thirdly, a fall in price means that the consumer derives more benefit per Euro spent on the product than they did before N.B. The demand curve is normally drawn in textbooks as a straight line suggesting a linear relationship between price and demand, but in reality, the demand curve will be non-linear tutor2u Factors that influence Demand tutor2u What factors do you think will influence the total demand for iPod Nano’s or Touches? What factors do you think would influence the demand for a new car? Demand for New Cars The Price of New Cars Consumer Confidence Interest Rates Relative costs of travelling on public transport Relative prices of second-hand vehicles Cost of fuel Road Charges / Tax tutor2u Availability of Credit Costs of car insurance and servicing etc Effective Demand Effective Demand • When a consumers' desire to buy a product is backed up by an ability to pay for it tutor2u Latent Demand Latent Demand • Latent demand exists when there is willingness to purchase a good, but where the consumer lacks the real purchasing power to be able to afford the product • Latent demand is affected by persuasive advertising – where the producer is seeking to influence consumer tastes and preferences • List 3 products that you have latent demand for tutor2u Derived Demand (Joint Demand) The demand for a product X might be strongly linked to the demand for a related product Y – giving rise to the idea of a derived demand Derived demand is defined as when the want for one good or service happens because of the want for another good or service. tutor2u What product might the demand for iPod Nano’s be derived from? Name a product that may have a derived demand as a result for the demand for cars? Derived demand The housing market is a good example of the idea of derived demand. When construction of new homes rises, so too does the demand for materials used in new properties as well as demand for labour tutor2u Shifts in the demand curve Changes in the conditions of demand tutor2u Shifts in Demand Price Increase in Demand P1 D1 D3 Q3 tutor2u Q1 Q2 D2 Quantity Demanded Shifts in Demand Price Decrease in Demand P1 D2 Q2 tutor2u Q1 D1 Quantity Demanded An outward shift in demand tutor2u A rise in the real incomes of consumers An increase in the price of a substitute good (i.e. a competing product) A fall in the price of a complementary good A change in consumers’ preferences towards the good An increase in the size of the total population A fall in interest rates A rise in consumer confidence Social changes which affect total demand for a product Substitutes Substitutes are goods in competitive demand • They are replacements for another product • For example, a rise in the price of Esso petrol (other factors held constant) should cause a substitution effect away from Esso towards Shell or other competing brands tutor2u Complements Complements are said to be in joint demand • Examples include: fish and chips, DVD players and DVDs, iron ore and steel • A rise in the price of a complement to Good X should cause a fall in the demand for X tutor2u Normal and Inferior Goods tutor2u For normal products, more is demanded as income rises, and less as income falls There are exceptions called inferior products They are often cheaper poorer quality substitutes for some other good With a higher income a consumer can switch from the cheaper substitute to preferred alternative As a result, less of the inferior product is demanded at higher levels of income Changes in price of Substitutes Price of Texaco petrol Price of Shell petrol P2 P1 P1 Demand Q2 tutor2u Q1 Output (Q) D1 Q1 Q2 D2 Output (Q) Changes in tastes and preferences tutor2u Market demand in nearly every market is often affected by changes in consumer preferences One person’s preferences can affect those of others This is a very powerful force in digital markets e.g. iTunes, demand for DVDs But it is also powerful when influencing the demand for meals at restaurants, hotels in holiday destinations et al Advertising and marketing are explicitly designed to influence consumer tastes and preferences Exceptions to the law of demand tutor2u Ostentatious consumption Some goods are luxurious items where satisfaction comes from knowing both the price of the good and being able to flaunt consumption of it to other people! Speculative Demand The demand for a product can be affected by speculative demand. Here, potential buyers are interested not just in the satisfaction they may get from consuming the product, but also the potential rise in market price leading to a capital gain or profit