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Chapter 4 Explanation and Evidence Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Explanations An explanation is an answer to a why question. Theories are explanations of associations or Relationships Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Why Theories Cannot Be Proved Theories can never be proved with absolute certainty. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Generating Theories Two methods have helped anthropologists produce explanations of cultural phenomena: Single-case analysis Comparative study Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Evidence: Testing Explanations Operationalization Sampling Statistical Evaluation Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Evidence: Testing Explanations Operationalization In order to ensure research is done accurately, a researcher typically provides an operational definition of each concept/variable. How will the variable be measured? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Research in Cultural Anthropology Ethnography Within-Culture Comparisons Regional Controlled Comparisons Cross-Cultural Research Historical Research Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Research in Cultural Anthropology Ethnography After doing fieldwork, an anthropologist may prepare an ethnography, or a description and analysis of a single society. Ethics in Fieldwork Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Research in Cultural Anthropology Within-Culture Comparisons Testing a theory within one society comparing individuals, families, households, communities, or districts, for example. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Research in Cultural Anthropology Regional Controlled Comparisons An ethnographic comparison between societies in the same or similar region. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Research in Cultural Anthropology Cross-Cultural Research Worldwide comparisons between societies having and those lacking a particular characteristic. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Research in Cultural Anthropology Ethnohistory consists of studies based on descriptive materials about a single society at more than one point in time. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Research in Cultural Anthropology Historical Research (ethnohistory) consists of studies based on descriptive materials about a single society at more than one point in time. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.