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Colonialism and
Development
Anthropology:
The Exploration of Human Diversity
12th Edition
Conrad Phillip Kottak
©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2
Colonialism and Development
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•
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Colonialism
Development
The Second World
Development Anthropology
Strategies for Innovation
©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3
Colonialism
• Imperialism – policy of extending the
rule of a nation or empire over other
nations
• Colonialism – political, social,
economic, and cultural domination of a
territory and its people by a foreign
power for an extended period of time
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Colonialism
• European colonialism had two broad
phases
– 1492 to 1852
– 1850 to just after end of World War II
• Second period more imperialistic
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Imperialism
• Imperialism almost as old as the state
– Colonialism traced back to ancient
Phoenicians 3,000 years ago
• Rebellions and wars aimed at
independence for American nations
ended 1st phase of European
colonialism
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British Colonialism
• British empire covered a fifth of world’s
land surface and ruled a fourth of its
population
– Driven by need for economic expansion
– Peaked about 1914
• First phase of British colonialism
concentrated in the New World, West
Africa, and India
– Closed with the American Revolution
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British Colonialism
• During the second period of colonialism,
Britain eventually controlled most of
India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada,
and large portions of eastern and
southern Africa
– British colonial efforts justified by what
Kipling called “white man’s burden”
• Asserted native peoples not capable of
governing themselves
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Map of the British Empire in 1914
Source: Academic American Encyclopedia, Vol. 3 (Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1998). p. 496
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French Colonialism
• French colonialism driven by state,
church, and military, rather than by
business interests
– First phase, starting in early 1600’s,
focused in Canada, the Louisiana Territory,
the Caribbean, and West Africa
– Second phase (1870 to World War II)
included most of North Africa and
Indochina
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French Colonialism
• Ideological legitimization for French
colonialism was mission civilisatrice
(similar to “white man’s burden”)
– Spread French culture, language, and
religion throughout the colonies
– French used two forms of colonial rule
• Indirect rule – practice of governing through
native political structures and leaders
• Direct rule – practice of imposing new
governments
upon native populations
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Map of the French Empire
at Its Height around 1914
Source: Academic American Encyclopedia, Vol. 8 (Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1998). p. 309
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Colonialism and Identity
• Whole countries, along with social
groups and divisions within them, were
colonial inventions
– Many modern political boundaries in West
Africa based on linguistic, political, and
economic contrasts that are the result of
European colonial policies
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Small West African Nations
Created by Colonialism
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Postcolonial Studies
• Postcolonial – study of interactions
between European nations and the
societies they colonized
– Settler countries – large numbers of
European colonists and sparser native
populations
– Nonsettler postcolonies – large native
populations and only a small number of
Europeans
– Mixed postcolonies – sizable native and
European populations
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Development
• Intervention philosophy – ideological
justification for outsiders to guide local
peoples in specific directions
– British Empire – white man’s burden
– French Empire – mission civilisatrice
– Economic development plans –
industrialization, modernization,
westernization, and individualism are
desirable evolutionary advances that will
bring long-term benefits to natives
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Neoliberalism
• New form of old economic liberalism
laid out in Adam Smith’s
The Wealth of Nations
– Free trade best way for nation’s economy
to develop
– No restrictions on manufacturing
– No barriers to commerce
– No tariffs
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Neoliberalism
• Prevailed in U.S. until President
Roosevelt’s New Deal during the 1930s
• Since fall of Communism (1989-1991),
revival of economic liberalism
– Now called neoliberalism
– In exchange for loans, governments of
Postsocialist and developing nations must
accept neoliberal premise that deregulation
leads to economic growth
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The Second World
• Second World refers to Warsaw Pact
nations
– Includes former Soviet Union and the
socialist and once socialist countries of
Eastern Europe and Asia
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Communism
• Two meanings of communism
– Small-c communism – social system in
which property is owned by the community
and in which people work for the common
good.
– Large C-Communism – political
movement and doctrine seeking to
overthrow capitalism and establish form of
communism such as that which prevailed
in the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1991
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Communism
• By the year 2000, only 5 Communist
states left, compared with 23 in 1985
– China
– Cuba
– Laos
– North Korea
– Vietnam
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Communism
• Many communist states totalitarian and
demanded total submission of the
individual to the state
– Communist party monopolized power
– Relations with party highly centralized and
strictly disciplined
– Nations had state owners of the means of
production
– Regimes cultivated a sense of belonging to
an international movement
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Communism
• States that once had planned
economies now following neoliberal
agenda but face problems
– Rise of nationalism in form of ethnicreligious minorities
– Corruption
– Unemployment and poverty
– Difficulties establishing new values, social
relations, and groups
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Postsocialist Transitions
• Neoliberal economists assumed
dismantling Soviet Union’s
planned economy would raise GDP
and living standards
– Postsocialist Russia has faced many
problems
• Since fall of Soviet empire in Tajikistan, Islam
replacing socialist ideology
• Yugoslavia breakup more violent and created a
series of secessions
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Postsocialist Transitions
• Corruption – abuse of public office for
private gain – common problem in
postsocialist countries
– Alexei Yurcahak describes official-public
and personal-public spheres within
contemporary Russian state
– What is legal (official-public) and what is
considered morally correct don’t
necessarily correspond
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Postsocialist Transitions
• Postsocialist and developing nations
include promotion of civil society –
voluntary collective action around
shared interests, goals, and values
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Former Soviet Socialist Republics of Central Asia,
including Tajikistan
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Development Anthropology
• Branch of applied anthropology that
focuses on social issues in, and the
cultural dimension of, economic
development
– Development anthropologists do not just
carry out development policies plan by
others
– They plan and guide policy
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Development Anthropology
• Local-level research often reveals
inadequacies in the measures that
economists use to assess development
and a nation’s economic health
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The Greening of Java
• Green revolution has increased food
supplies and reduced food prices
– Emphasis on front capital and advanced
technological and chemical farming
allowed bureaucratic and economic elites
to strengthen their position at expense of
poorer farmers
– Ann Stoler’s analysis suggested that it
differentially affected such things as gender
stratification, depending on class
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The Greening of Java
• Equity
– Commonly stated goal of development
projects is increased equity, which means
reduction in poverty and more even
distribution of wealth
– Goal frequently thwarted by local elites
acting to preserve or enhance their
positions
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Location of Java (yellow)
in Indonesia (orange)
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Strategies for Innovation
• Kottak found culturally compatible
economic development projects twice as
successful financially as incompatible
development projects
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Strategies for Innovation
• To maximize social and economic
benefits, projects must:
– Be culturally compatible
– Respond to locally perceived needs’
– Involve men and women in planning and
carrying out changes that affect them
– Harness traditional organizations
– Be flexible
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Strategies for Innovation
• Overinnovation – development
projects that require too much change
– Projects that failed were usually
economically and culturally incompatible
– Project problems have arisen from
inadequate attention to, and consequent
lack of, fit with local culture
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Strategies for Innovation
• Underdifferentiation – tendency to
view “less-developed countries” as
more alike than they are
– Many development projects incorrectly
assume that nuclear family is basic unit of
production and land ownership
– Many development projects also incorrectly
assume cooperatives based on models
from former Eastern bloc will be readily
incorporated by rural communities
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Third World Models
• Best models for economic development
found in target communities
– Realistic development promotes change,
not overinnovation, by preserving local
systems while making them work better
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© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.