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Weeks 1-2 Four fields of anthropology Applied anthropology is done in all four fields Two epistemological traditions Field work in all four fields Applied work in all four fields Method and theory The humanist and interpretivist vs. the scientific and positivist traditions Emic vs. etic data Three paradigms: Sociobiology, idealism, and materialism Concept of culture Nomothetic vs. idiographic theories Rationalism and empiricism Tabula rasa Kant’s attempt at a solution The dilemma of relativism War, economics, and the development of science Gutenberg’s contribution to modernism and science Bacon and Newton: the principles of induction and deduction Newton’s hypothetico-inductive model The Enlightenment and social science The qualitative-quantitative problem Participant observation is anthropology’s strategic method for collecting many different kinds of data. August Comte’s contribution to social science: Effective knowledge can be used to improve human lives. The mastery-over-nature metaphor transferred to social science The humanist reaction against positivism Racial thinking and the development of anthropology in the 19th Century U.S. and Europe: the development of four-field anthropology Unilinear evolution, historical particularism, biological and structural functionalism Functionalism and the problem of teleology Key figures immediately after unilineal evolution: Boas, Malinowski, RadcliffeBrown Weeks 3-4 Evolution: Linneaus, LeClerc, Cuvier, Lamarck, Malthus, Darwin Lyell’s role: uniformitarianism Mammalian traits constant body temperature, postpartum development of helpless offspring, internal reproduction and fertilization, greater reliance on learned behavior The K-T event and the appearance of primates Prosimians and Anthropoids Catarrhines and Platyrrhines Catarrhines include cercopithecines and colobines (OW monkeys), and hominoids Hominoids include hylobates, the pongids, the genus Pan, and the hominids Fossil primates: Oligocene anthropoids Miocene ancestors of the hominoids Emergence of hominids at the end of the Miocene Differentiation into arboreal and terrestrial hominoids Freeing hand, tall-grass, sharing food, using tools as weapons Raymond Dart and the Taung child Australopithecines: the sequence Homo habilis Homo ergaster Homo erectus H. erectus moves out of Africa Hominid sequence I Sahelanthropus Ardipithecus ramidus Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Taung Australopithecus robustus (P. robustus Australopithecus boisei (P. boisei, Zinj) Hominid Sequence II Homo habilis (P. rudolfensis) Homo rudolfensis Homo ergaster Homo erectus Trinil (P. erectus) Homo heidelbergensis Mauer Homo rhodesiensis Kabwe Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens Reduction of the saggital crest and the nuchal bun Punctuated equilibrium Tool using and tool making: the evidence from modern chimps Early human life and sexuality The controversial Fialkowski hypothesis AMH (anatomically modern humans) and mitochondrial DNA Single and multiple origin theories of H. sapiens. The disappearance of the Neanderthals: note the evidence at Qafzeh. Adaptive radiation Dating fossils and artifacts Relative vs. absolute dating Oldowan and Acheulean tools The Levallois method