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Transcript 
EVOLUTION PATTERNS
Horse Evolution
Evidence of Evolution
Fossil record
 Homologous structures
 Vestigial structures
 Molecular biology
 Comparative embryology
 Artificial Selection
 Peppered Moths
 Antibiotic Resistance

Modern Example:
Antibiotic Resistance
Trends/Patterns of Selection
Original bell curve of population:
Directional Selection
Example: elephant trunk length
Stabilizing Selection
Example: human birth weight
Disruptive selection
Example: rabbit fur color on black & white stones, black, white, grey
Frequency-dependent Selection
Sexual Selection
http://artscienceofnature.wordpress.com/cate
gory/phylum-mollusca/
DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
Polar bear
Brown bear
Species definition:
two organisms that can mate and
produce fertile offspring
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
shark
dolphin
Counter shading fusiform shape
tuna
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
Australian marsupials vs. American placentals
Coyote, groundhog, spiny anteater
Tasmanian devel, wombat, banded anteater
Biogeography: Wallace’s Line
SPECIATION:
allopatric
sympatric
Bottleneck Effect
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/a/a9/150px-Polydactyly_01_Lfoot_AP.jpg
Founder Effect
Speciation mechanisms


Gradualism
Puntuated Equilibrium
ADAPTIVE RADIATION
Hawaiian honey creepers
Darwin’s Finches
Artificial Selection
Hybrid Vigor
(aka heterozygous advantage)
WARNING COLORATION
aposematic coloring
MULLERIAN MIMICRY
WASP
BATESIAN MIMICRY
Monarch
Viceroy
Now thought to be
Mullerian mimicry
Coral snake and California king snake
“Red touch yellow, kill a
fellow. Red touch black,
venom lack”
BATESIAN MIMICRY
CAMOUFLAGE
CAMOUFLAGE
DISRUPTIVE COLORATION
EYESPOTS/STARTLE
COEVOLUTION
Rufous hummingbird & flower
Symbiotic: mutualistic
Cleaner fish
Clown fish and sea anemone
Algae & fungi = lichen
Bacteria in root nodules of legume
Symbiotic: mutualistic
Ants & acacia trees
Oxpecker bird and ox
Aphids & ants
Symbiotic: parasitic
Strangler fig
tapeworm
mistletoe
Symbiotic: commensalism
Remoras and shark
Sponge on scallop
Barnacles on whale
EVOLUTION PATTERNS Revu








Disruptive, Stabilizing, Directional
Selection, Sexual, Frequency dependnt
Divergent vs Convergent evolution
Allopatric vs Sympatric speciation
Gradualism vs Punctuated Equilibrium
Adaptive Radiation
Artificial Selection
Mimicry and Camouflage
Coevolution and Symbiosis
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