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Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure 10 m Human height 1m 0.1 m Length of some nerve and muscle cells Chicken egg 1 cm Unaided eye Frog egg 1 mm Human egg Most plant and animal cells 10 m 1 m 100 nm Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion Smallest bacteria Viruses Ribosomes 10 nm Proteins Lipids 1 nm 0.1 nm Small molecules Atoms Superresolution microscopy Electron microscopy 100 m Light microscopy Figure 6.2 Figure 6.3 Light Microscopy (LM) Electron Microscopy (EM) Brightfield (unstained specimen) Confocal Longitudinal section of cilium Cross section of cilium 50 m Cilia 50 m Brightfield (stained specimen) 2 m 2 m Deconvolution 10 m Phase-contrast Differential-interferencecontrast (Nomarski) Super-resolution 10 m 1 m Fluorescence Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Figure 6.4b TECHNIQUE (cont.) Centrifuged at 1,000 g (1,000 times the force of gravity) for 10 min Supernatant poured into next tube 20,000 g 20 min Pellet rich in nuclei and cellular debris Differential centrifugation 80,000 g 60 min 150,000 g 3 hr Pellet rich in mitochondria (and chloroplasts if cells are from a plant) Pellet rich in “microsomes” Pellet rich in ribosomes Figure 6.5 Fimbriae Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome Cell wall Capsule 0.5 m (a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium Flagella (b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM) Figure 6.6 Outside of cell Inside of cell 0.1 m (a) TEM of a plasma membrane Carbohydrate side chains Hydrophilic region Hydrophobic region Hydrophilic region Phospholipid Proteins (b) Structure of the plasma membrane Figure 6.7 Surface area increases while total volume remains constant 5 1 1 Total surface area [sum of the surface areas (height width) of all box sides number of boxes] 6 150 750 Total volume [height width length number of boxes] 1 125 125 Surface-to-volume (S-to-V) ratio [surface area volume] 6 1.2 6 Figure 6.8a ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Flagellum Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Rough Smooth ER ER NUCLEUS Chromatin Centrosome Plasma membrane CYTOSKELETON: Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Ribosomes Microvilli Golgi apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Lysosome Figure 6.8c Nuclear envelope NUCLEUS Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Central vacuole Golgi apparatus Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Mitochondrion Peroxisome Chloroplast Plasma membrane Cell wall Wall of adjacent cell Plasmodesmata CYTOSKELETON Figure 6.9a Nucleus Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope: Inner membrane Outer membrane Nuclear pore Rough ER Pore complex Ribosome Close-up of nuclear envelope Chromatin Figure 6.10 0.25 m Free ribosomes in cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ribosomes bound to ER Large subunit TEM showing ER and ribosomes Small subunit Diagram of a ribosome Figure 6.11 Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Rough ER ER lumen Cisternae Ribosomes Transport vesicle Smooth ER Transitional ER Rough ER 200 nm Figure 6.13 Nucleus Vesicle containing two damaged organelles 1 m 1 m Mitochondrion fragment Peroxisome fragment Lysosome Digestive enzymes Lysosome Lysosome Plasma membrane Peroxisome Digestion Food vacuole Vesicle (a) Phagocytosis (b) Autophagy Mitochondrion Digestion Figure 6.14 Central vacuole Cytosol Nucleus Central vacuole Cell wall Chloroplast 5 m Figure 6.16 Endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Engulfing of oxygenNuclear using nonphotosynthetic envelope prokaryote, which becomes a mitochondrion Ancestor of eukaryotic cells (host cell) Mitochondrion Nonphotosynthetic eukaryote At least one cell Engulfing of photosynthetic prokaryote Chloroplast Mitochondrion Photosynthetic eukaryote Figure 6.17 10 m Intermembrane space Mitochondria Outer membrane DNA Free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix Inner membrane Mitochondrial DNA Cristae Matrix (a) Diagram and TEM of mitochondrion Nuclear DNA 0.1 m (b) Network of mitochondria in a protist cell (LM) Figure 6.18a Ribosomes Stroma Inner and outer membranes Granum DNA Intermembrane space Thylakoid (a) Diagram and TEM of chloroplast 1 m Table 6.1 10 m 10 m 5 m Column of tubulin dimers Keratin proteins Fibrous subunit (keratins coiled together) Actin subunit 25 nm 7 nm Tubulin dimer 812 nm Figure 6.22 Centrosome Microtubule Centrioles 0.25 m Longitudinal section of one centriole Microtubules Cross section of the other centriole Figure 6.23 Direction of swimming (a) Motion of flagella 5 m Direction of organism’s movement Power stroke Recovery stroke (b) Motion of cilia 15 m Animation: Cilia and Flagella Right-click slide / select “Play” © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.24 0.1 m Outer microtubule doublet Dynein proteins Central microtubule Radial spoke Microtubules Plasma membrane (b) Cross section of motile cilium Cross-linking proteins between outer doublets Basal body 0.5 m (a) Longitudinal section of motile cilium 0.1 m Triplet (c) Cross section of basal body Plasma membrane Figure 6.25 Microtubule doublets ATP Dynein protein (a) Effect of unrestrained dynein movement Cross-linking proteins between outer doublets ATP Anchorage in cell (b) Effect of cross-linking proteins 1 2 (c) Wavelike motion 3 Figure 6.27 Muscle cell 0.5 m Actin filament Myosin filament Myosin head (a) Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction Cortex (outer cytoplasm): gel with actin network 100 m Inner cytoplasm: sol with actin subunits Extending pseudopodium (b) Amoeboid movement Chloroplast (c) Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells 30 m Figure 6.30 Collagen Polysaccharide molecule EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Proteoglycan complex Fibronectin Carbohydrates Core protein Integrins Proteoglycan molecule Plasma membrane Proteoglycan complex Microfilaments CYTOPLASM Animation: Tight Junctions Right-click slide / select “Play” © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Desmosomes Right-click slide / select “Play” © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Gap Junctions Right-click slide / select “Play” © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.32 Tight junctions prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells Tight junction TEM 0.5 m Tight junction Intermediate filaments Desmosome TEM 1 m Gap junction Space between cells Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Extracellular matrix TEM Ions or small molecules 0.1 m Figure 6.UN01 Nucleus (ER) (Nuclear envelope)
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