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Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18 Chapter 16 outline* • DNA and the Chromosome – The building blocks – Description of a karyotype • Somatic Cells – Cell cycle – Mitosis • Reproductive cells – Meiosis (* this topic can be found in ch. 17) What is… • DNA • A Chromosome DNA is composed of millions of nucleotides THE DNA MOLECULE Diploid Cell 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes 44 autosomes 2 sex chromosome How do all of our non-reproductive cells divide & keep 46 chromosomes? Somatic Cell Division Mitosis prophase anaphase metaphase telophase The cell cycle Mitosis animation links http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120073/bio14.swf Mitosis (includes cell wall) How many chromosomes do our reproductive cells have and how do they divide? 23 chromosomes & Meiosis Animation LINKS http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120074/bio19.swf Meiosis I and II http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120074/bio17.swf Mitosis versus meisosis MEISOSIS and FERTILZATION 23 + 23 =46 23 chromosomes Ch. 18 concept: How does DNA affect your phenotype? Central Dogma DNA RNA Protein The next 6 slides will refer to material found in chapter 18. DNA Nucleus RNA Cytoplasm PROTEIN GENETIC CODE http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/tra nscribe/ Nirenberg and Khorana, were awarded the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. GENETIC CODE http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/cont ent/chp12/1202001.html Principles of Heredity Chapter 17 Patterns of Heredity • Gregor Mendel – Punnett Square • Dominant versus Recessive Traits – Alleles • Autosomal versus Sex linked Traits – Autosomes versus sex chromsomes Diploid Cell Karotype 44 autosomes 2 sex chromosome Gregor Mendel (Mendelian genetics) states 1822-1884 • Alternative versions of genes= allele • An organism inherits two genes that segregate independently Mendel also states • Dominant and recessive alleles Predict genotype and phenotype by • Punnett Square Now let’s look at how to construct and use a Punnett Square: Punnett Square curly ears= recessive “normal” ears=dominant Cc mates with cc what will the offspring look like? Look at those ears! Look at those ears! Punnett Square: Cc x cc c c C Cc Cc c cc cc Mono-hybrid cross A single trait Tall is dominant Short is recessive Result of di-hybrid crosses Cystic Fibrosis: Autosomal Recessive Trait Autosomal Dominant: Familial Hypercholesterolemia (gene dosage effect is observed) • Affects 1:500 cholesterol Incomplete Dominance • Some traits show “incomplete dominance” Sickle cell trait • Incomplete Dominance Blood Transfusions & Inheritance of Blood Types and Inheritance can sometimes show: • Co-Dominance Brief Summary Autosomal traits Trait are considered either: – – – – Hypercholesteremia Cystic fibrosis Sickle cell trait Blood type – – – – Dominant Recessive Incomplete dominant Co-dominant Sex-Linked Traits COLOR BLINDNESS Hemophilia Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy Recessive Sex Linked (X-chromosome) Males Affected Sex-influenced Genes • Patterned Baldness Rogaine Propecia Polygenic Traits Trisomy Extra “X” Sex Chromosomes • Klinefelter Syndrome – XXY – 1:1000 occurrence – Males Turner Syndrome 1:10,000 Example of Pedigrees or Family Trees Autosomal recessive Autosomal dominant Cloning of a whole organism. Cloning of a whole organism: Reproductive Cloning SHEEP CELLS 54 Somatic Cell For ex. Mammary cell 27 Germ Cell ovum How to process begins: 54 54 27 discarded Somatic Cell For ex. Mammary cell Germ Cell ovum Uncertainty: Does the offspring represent the molecular age of the donor or of a newborn?
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