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BellChallenge 1. In the Punnett square shown, the genotypes of the offspring are ____________________. 2. In the Punnett square shown, the phenotype of the offspring are ____________________. 3. How many recessive alleles for a trait must an organism inherit in order to show that trait? T = Tall t = Short Agenda • Review Sec. 11-1 & 11-2 • Due Friday: 11-1 & 11-2 Vocabulary Review 10 different words (term, your definition, picture) IAN 54 • Homework: bring a coin for tomorrow’s lab & complete Punnett Square Practice #1 IAN 55 • Wed- Traits lab (coins needed) • Final exams are next week (review weak concepts) Sec. 11-1 Transmission of characteristics from _______________________is called parents to offspring ___________________. heredity The SCIENCE _________ that studies _____ how those characteristics are _________ from one passed on generation to the next is called ___________________ Genetics http://hus.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/FourthQuarter/Chapter11/11-1/images/MendelExperiment.gif Mendel designed ____________ using experiments __________ Pea plants in the monastery garden _______ MALE part of flower makes Pollen (sperm) ___________ __________ FEMALE part of flower makes _______ egg cells http://www.cedarville.edu/academics/education/resource/schools/chca/2scideb/debwebpv.htm In pea plants, the pollen normally joins with an egg from the _______ same plant (=_______________ ) so seeds have Self pollinating “_________________” ONE parent http://hus.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/FourthQuarter/Chapter11/11-1/images/MendelExperiment.gif MENDEL’S PEA EXPERIMENTS Mendel started his experiments with peas that were _________________ true breeding = if allowed to _________________ self pollinate they would produce ____________________ offspring identical to themselves. http://hus.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/FourthQuarter/Chapter11/11-1/images/MendelExperiment.gif MENDEL’S PEA EXPERIMENTS Mendel ____________________ removed pollen making parts and ____________ added pollen from _______ anotherplant. This allowed him to _____________ plants cross-breed with ______________ different characteristics and ________ study the results http://hus.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/FourthQuarter/Chapter11/11-1/images/MendelExperiment.gif specific characteristic is called a A _____________________ ____________ trait studied 7 traits in peas (ex. Seed Mendel ______________ shape). Different gene choices for a trait are called alleles (ex. round or wrinkled). Pearson Education Inc,; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS P1 generation ____ (_________) parental F1 generation ____ filial offspring) (______= F2 generation ___ We now know that Mendel’s factors are genes carried ________________ on the pair of Homologous chromosomes __________ HOMOLOGOUS _____________ chromosomes SEPARATE during ________________ ANAPHASE I (meiosis) SEGREGATION = _________________ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif Meiosis Review •Meiosis- (initial step of sexual reproduction that produces gametes) •Two divisions- meiosis I & meiosis II •Trigger words- homologous chromosomes, synapsis, crossing over, segregation •Diploid (46) → 4 haploids (23) •Spermatogenesis- produces 4 sperm •Oogenesis- produces 1 viable egg & 3 polar bodies EXPLAINING the F1 CROSS SEGREGATION LAW OF ___________________ alleles are separated when the F1 plants ______________ make gametes When these gametes recombined to make the F2 generation, the recessive _____________ trait reappears _______________ in ¼ of the offspring Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller & Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006 What are the possible gametes? Homozygous Tall parent = (homozygous dominant) What gametes can it produce? Tall = T Short = t T TT T Round seeds = R Wrinkled seeds = r Phenotype= appearance Genotype= genetic make-up (letters) What are the possible gametes? PURE wrinkled parent = (homozygous recessive) What gametes can it produce? Tall = T Short = t r rr r Round seeds = R Wrinkled seeds = r Phenotype= appearance Genotype= genetic make-up (letters) What are the possible gametes? Heterozygous Round parent = (heterozygous dominant) What gametes can it produce? Tall = T Short = t R Rr r Round seeds = R Wrinkled seeds = r Phenotype= appearance Genotype= genetic make-up (letters) What are the possible gametes? Hybrid Tall parent = (heterozygous dominant) What gametes can it produce? Tall = T Short = t T Tt t Round seeds = R Wrinkled seeds = r Phenotype= appearance Genotype= genetic make-up (letters) PROBABILITY & PUNNETT SQUARES 11-2 PROBABILITY ____________________ is the __________ likelihood that a particular _________________ event will occur It can be written as a: 1/4 Fraction ____ 25% Percent ____ 1:3 Ratio ____ http://www.arborsci.com/CoolStuff/CoinFlip.jpg COIN FLIP There are 2 possible capital outcomes: HEADS TAILS The chance the coin will land on either one is: 1/2 ____ 50% ____ 1:1 ____ Alleles segregate randomly just like a coin flip. . . So can use probability to predict outcomes of genetic crosses. PROBABILITIES _____ outcomes ______ PAST DON’Taffect _________ones FUTURE If last coin flip was heads… there is still a 50/50 chance the next flip will be heads too. _____________works ______ Probability predicting best in ___________ a ________ number of events. large The more flips. . . The closer results will be to the expected 50:50 average. (The more trials in an experiment, the more precise your data will be) MAKING A CROSS for only a ONE __________ GENE trait = MONOHYBRID CROSS ____________________ A Punnett square for a MONOHYBRID CROSS looks like this: PUNNETT SQUARES are used to show possible offspring from a cross between 2 parents Parent alleles go at _______________ top and on left side Boxes show T possible ____________ offspring combinations t ___________________ T T STEPS FOR MAKING CROSSES Figure out what _________________ parent alleles 1. ___________ are Choose Punnett square __________ size 2. ________correct__________ Put in possible_______________________ parent gametes 3. ______ Fill in boxes with _____________________ offspring combinations 4. ______ probabilities phenotypes 5. Determine ____________of_____________& genotypes ____________ IN PEA PLANTS Yellow is dominant over green Yellow = Y green = y LET’S MAKE A CROSS! PURE Yellow X PURE Green Homozygous yellow= YY Homozygous green= yy PURE Yellow parent What are the parent alleles? YY Y _________ HOMOZYGOUS Y What gametes can it make? PURE Green parent What are the parent alleles? yy y HOMOZYGOUS _________ y What gametes can it make? Y Y y Yy Yy Yy Yy y Test cross= mating homozygous dominant with homozygous recessive _____ ALL of the offspring 100 ____ % ___/4 4 will be Yy PHENOTYPE _______ Yellow GENOTYPE _____ HYBRID Yellow parent What are the parent alleles? Yy Y _________ HETEROZYGOUS y What gametes can it make? Y y Y YY Yy y Yy yy GENOTYPES YY ¼ = _____ Yy ½ = _____ yy ¼ = _____ yellow 3/4 or ____% 75 PHENOTYPES ____ _________ ____ _________ 1/4or ____% green 25 Interest Grabber Section 11-2 Tossing Coins If you toss a coin, what is the probability of getting heads? Tails? If you toss a coin 10 times, how many heads and how many tails would you expect to get? Working with a partner, have one person toss a coin ten times while the other person tallies the results on a sheet of paper. Then, switch tasks to produce a separate tally of the second set of 10 tosses. Go to Section: Interest Grabber Answers 1. Assuming that you expect 5 heads and 5 tails in 10 tosses, how do the results of your tosses compare? How about the results of your partner’s tosses? How close was each set of results to what was expected? Results will vary, but should be close to 5 heads and 5 tails. 2. Add your results to those of your partner to produce a total of 20 tosses. Assuming that you expect 10 heads and 10 tails in 20 tosses, how close are these results to what was expected? The results for 20 tosses may be closer to the predicted 10 heads and 10 tails. 3. If you compiled the results for the whole class, what results would you expect? The results for the entire class should be even closer to the number predicted by the rules of probability. 4. How do the expected results differ from the observed results? The observed results are usually slightly different from the expected results. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Storage and transfer of genetic information SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and products of natural and induced biological change. 9-12.L.2.1. Students are able to predict inheritance patterns using a single allele. (APPLICATION) Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: explain how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring; High school students performing at the BASIC level identify that genetic traits can be transmitted from parents to offspring;