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Infants, Children, and Adolescents
Laura E. Berk 5th edition
Chapter 2
Biological and
Environmental
Foundations
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Genetic Foundations
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Chromosomes – store and
transmit genetic information.
Genes – segments of DNA
located along the
chromosomes
DNA – substance of which
genes and chromosomes
are made.
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DNA’s Ladderlike Structure
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Meiosis
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Twins
Fraternal/Dizogotic
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Two zygotes, or fertilized ova
Identical/Monozygotic
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One zygote that divides
into two individuals
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Dominant-Recessive Inheritance
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X-Linked Inheritance
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Genetic Imprinting and Mutation
Imprinting
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Chemical marker
that activates
either father’s or
mother’s gene.
Often temporary.
Mutation
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Sudden,
permanent
change in a
DNA segment.
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
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Adoption and Adjustment
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Environmental Contexts
for Development
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Family
Socioeconomic
Status
Neighborhoods
Towns and Cities
Cultural Context
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Family Influences
on Development
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Direct
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Indirect
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Two-person
relationships
Third Parties
Adapting to Change
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Changes from within
and outside the family
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Socioeconomic Status
and Family Functioning
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Timing of Family Life
Cycle
Values and Expectations
Father’s Involvement
Communication and
Discipline Styles
Children’s Cognitive
Development
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Children in Poverty:
U.S. and Canada
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
All Children
Native
American
African
American
Latino
Canadian
Aboriginal
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Individualist and
Collectivist Societies
Individualist
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People think of
themselves as
separate from
other people.
Concerned with
personal goals.
Collectivist
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People define
themselves as
part of a group.
Concerned with
group goals over
individual goals.
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
How Much Does Heredity
Contribute to Behavior?
Heritability
Estimates
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Portion of
individual
differences
attributable to
genetics.
Ranges from 0 to 1.00.
Concordance
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What percent of
the time do
twins both
show a trait?
Ranges from 0
to 100%.
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Reaction Range
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Genetic-Environment
Correlation
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Passive
Correlation
Evocative
Correlation
Active Correlation
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Niche-picking
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Contributions of
Environment and Genetics
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The Epigenetic Framework
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