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The Work of Gregor Mendel 11-1 http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm http://www.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk/germplas/pisum/zgs4f.htm VOCAB Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring = ____________ The science that studies heredity =_____________ The “father of genetics” is __________________, a monk whose study of genetic traits was the beginning of our understanding of how genes are passed on http://www.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk/germplas/pisum/zgs4f.htm http://hus.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/FourthQuarter/Chapter11/11-1/images/MendelExperiment.gif Mendel designed experiments using __________in the monastery garden A specific characteristic is called a _________ Mendel studied _________ in peas. Pearson Education Inc,; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS ____ generation (_________) ____ generation (______= offspring) ___ generation Principles of Dominance Section 11-1 P Generation Tall Go to Section: Short F1 Generation Tall Tall F2 Generation Tall Tall Tall Short When Mendel ______________ PLANTS with 2 ______________ traits: (EX: Tall crossed with short) He always found same pattern: 1. ONLY ______ trait ____________ in the ____ generation BUT . . . 2. ___________ trait ____________ in the ____ generation in a _________ ratio PATTERNS ARE THE KEY Image modified from: http://www.laskerfoundation.org/rprimers/gnn/timeline/1866.html http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/mendel.html Mendel decided that there must be a __________________ that control each trait and that one factor must be able to _______ the other. We now know that Mendel’s factors are ______ carried on ________________ _________________ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif Different choices for a gene are called ___________. http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm __________________ = An allele that ________ the presence of another allele __________________ = An allele that __________________ the presence of another allele PROBABILITY & PUNNETT SQUARES 11-2 The chance that an event will occur = ____________________ It can be written as a: Fraction ____ Percent ____ Ratio ____ http://www.arborsci.com/CoolStuff/CoinFlip.jpg COIN FLIP There are 2 possible capital outcomes: HEADS TAILS The chance the coin will land on either one is: ____ ____ ____ Alleles segregate randomly just like a coin flip. . . So can use probability to predict outcomes of genetic crosses. DOMINANT/RECESSIVE _____________ allele is represented by a ____________ letter. (usually the first letter of the trait) ____________ allele is represented by the SAME _________________ letter. EX: Tall = ______ Short =______ HOMOZYGOUS HETEROZYGOUS When both alleles in the pair are the SAME Ex: ____ or _____ ____________________= ________ When both alleles in the pair are different Ex: ______ ___________________ = ______________ PHENOTYPE/GENOTYPE The genetic makeup of an organism is its _____________ The appearance of an organism is its _____________ PUNNETT SQUARES are used to show possible offspring from a cross between 2 parents Parent alleles go at _______________ top and on left side Boxes show T possible ____________ offspring combinations t ___________________ T T Tall = T Round seeds = R Short = t Wrinkled seeds = r What’s the genotype? Homozygous short = ________ Heterozygous round = _____ Pure wrinkled = _____ Hybrid tall = _____ IN PEA PLANTS Tall is dominant over short TALL = ____ SHORT = ____ LET’S MAKE A CROSS! PURE TALL X PURE SHORT PURE TALL parent What are the parent alleles? What gametes can it make? PURE SHORT parent What are the parent alleles? What gametes can it make? _____ of the offspring ____ % ___/4 will be GENOTYPE _____ PHENOTYPE _______ HYBRID TALL parent What are the parent alleles? _________ What gametes can it make? GENOTYPES ¼ = _____ ½ = _____ ¼ = _____ PHENOTYPES ____ or ____% _________ ____or ____% __________ PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES Tall = ____ T t Short = ____ R Round seeds = ___ r Wrinkled seeds = ___ What are the possible gametes? What gametes can it produce? Homozygous Tall parent = What are the possible gametes? What gametes can it produce? PURE wrinkled parent = What are the possible gametes? What gametes can it produce? Heterozygous Round parent = What are the possible gametes? What gametes can it produce? Hybrid Tall parent =
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