Download 12_Art_and_Photos

Fig. 12-00
Fig. 12-01
Fig. 12-02
Fig. 12-03
Fig. 12-04
Fig. 12-05
Fig. 12-06
Fig. 12-07
Bacterial
chromosome
Remnant of
bacterium
Colorized TEM
Plasmids
Fig. 12-08-1
Bacterial cell
Plasmid
Isolate
plasmids.
Fig. 12-08-2
Isolate
DNA.
Bacterial cell
Isolate
plasmids.
Cell containing
the gene of interest
Plasmid
DNA
Fig. 12-08-3
Cut both DNAs
with same
enzyme.
Gene of Other
interest genes
Bacterial cell
Isolate
plasmids.
DNA fragments
from cell
Isolate
DNA.
Cell containing
the gene of interest
Plasmid
DNA
Fig. 12-08-4
Cut both DNAs
with same
enzyme.
Gene of Other
interest genes
Gene of interest
Bacterial cell
DNA fragments
from cell
Isolate
DNA.
Mix the DNAs and
join them together.
Cell containing
the gene of interest
Isolate
plasmids.
Recombinant DNA plasmids
Plasmid
DNA
Fig. 12-08-5
Cut both DNAs
with same
enzyme.
Gene of Other
interest genes
Gene of interest
Bacterial cell
DNA fragments
from cell
Isolate
DNA.
Mix the DNAs and
join them together.
Cell containing
the gene of interest
Isolate
plasmids.
Recombinant DNA plasmids
Bacteria take up recombinant plasmids.
Plasmid
DNA
Recombinant bacteria
Fig. 12-08-6
Cut both DNAs
with same
enzyme.
Gene of Other
interest genes
Gene of interest
Bacterial cell
DNA fragments
from cell
Isolate
DNA.
Mix the DNAs and
join them together.
Cell containing
the gene of interest
Isolate
plasmids.
Recombinant DNA plasmids
Bacteria take up recombinant plasmids.
Plasmid
DNA
Bacterial clone
Recombinant bacteria
Clone the bacteria.
Fig. 12-08-7
Cut both DNAs
with same
enzyme.
Gene of Other
interest genes
Gene of interest
Bacterial cell
DNA fragments
from cell
Isolate
DNA.
Mix the DNAs and
join them together.
Cell containing
the gene of interest
Isolate
plasmids.
Recombinant DNA plasmids
Bacteria take up recombinant plasmids.
Plasmid
DNA
Bacterial clone
Recombinant bacteria
Clone the bacteria.
Find the clone with
the gene of interest.
Fig. 12-08-8
Cut both DNAs
with same
enzyme.
Gene of Other
interest genes
Gene of interest
Bacterial cell
DNA fragments
from cell
Isolate
DNA.
Mix the DNAs and
join them together.
Cell containing
the gene of interest
Isolate
plasmids.
Recombinant DNA plasmids
Bacteria take up recombinant plasmids.
Plasmid
DNA
Bacterial clone
Recombinant bacteria
Clone the bacteria.
Find the clone with
the gene of interest.
Some uses
of genes
Gene for pest
resistance
Some uses
of proteins
Protein for
dissolving
clots
Gene for
toxic-cleanup
bacteria
Genes may be
inserted into
other organisms.
The gene and protein
of interest are isolated
from the bacteria.
Harvested
proteins may be
used directly.
Protein for
“stone-washing”
jeans
Fig. 12-09-1
Recognition sequence
for a restriction enzyme
DNA
A restriction enzyme cuts
the DNA into fragments.
Restriction
enzyme
Fig. 12-09-2
Recognition sequence
for a restriction enzyme
DNA
A restriction enzyme cuts
the DNA into fragments.
A DNA fragment is added
from another source.
Restriction
enzyme
Fig. 12-09-3
Recognition sequence
for a restriction enzyme
DNA
A restriction enzyme cuts
the DNA into fragments.
A DNA fragment is added
from another source.
Fragments stick together by
base pairing.
Restriction
enzyme
Fig. 12-09-4
Recognition sequence
for a restriction enzyme
DNA
A restriction enzyme cuts
the DNA into fragments.
Restriction
enzyme
A DNA fragment is added
from another source.
Fragments stick together by
base pairing.
DNA ligase joins the
fragments into strands.
DNA
ligase
Recombinant DNA molecule
Fig. 12-10
Radioactive probe
(single-stranded DNA)
Mix with single-stranded DNA from
various bacterial clones
Single-stranded DNA
Base pairing indicates the
gene of interest
Fig. 12-11-1
Cell nucleus
DNA of
eukaryotic
gene
Exon Intron Exon Intron Exon
Transcription
Test tube
Fig. 12-11-2
Cell nucleus
DNA of
eukaryotic
gene
Exon Intron Exon Intron Exon
Transcription
RNA
transcript
mRNA
Test tube
Introns removed and
exons spliced together
Fig. 12-11-3
Cell nucleus
DNA of
eukaryotic
gene
Exon Intron Exon Intron Exon
Transcription
RNA
transcript
Introns removed and
exons spliced together
mRNA
Test tube
Isolation of mRNA from
cell and addition of
reverse transcriptase
Reverse
transcriptase
Fig. 12-11-4
Cell nucleus
DNA of
eukaryotic
gene
Exon Intron Exon Intron Exon
Transcription
RNA
transcript
Introns removed and
exons spliced together
mRNA
Test tube
Isolation of mRNA from
cell and addition of
reverse transcriptase
Reverse
transcriptase
cDNA strand
being synthesized
Synthesis of cDNA
strand
Fig. 12-11-5
Cell nucleus
Exon Intron Exon Intron Exon
DNA of
eukaryotic
gene
Transcription
RNA
transcript
Introns removed and
exons spliced together
mRNA
Test tube
Isolation of mRNA from
cell and addition of
reverse transcriptase
Reverse
transcriptase
cDNA strand
being synthesized
cDNA of gene
without introns
Synthesis of cDNA
strand
Synthesis of second DNA
strand by DNA polymerase
Fig. 12-12
Fig. 12-13-1
Crime scene
DNA isolated
Suspect 1
Suspect 2
Fig. 12-13-2
Crime scene
DNA isolated
DNA amplified
Suspect 1
Suspect 2
Fig. 12-13-3
Crime scene
DNA isolated
DNA amplified
DNA compared
Suspect 1
Suspect 2
Fig. 12-14
Fig. 12-14a
Fig. 12-14b
Fig. 12-15
Initial
DNA
segment
1
2
4
8
Number of DNA molecules
Fig. 12-16
STR site 1
AGAT
STR site 2
GATA
Crime scene DNA
Different numbers of
short tandem repeats
Same number of
short tandem repeats
Suspect’s DNA
AGAT
GATA
Fig. 12-17-1
Mixture of DNA
fragments of
different sizes
Power
source
Gel
Fig. 12-17-2
Mixture of DNA
fragments of
different sizes
Power
source
Gel
Fig. 12-17-3
Mixture of DNA
fragments of
different sizes
Band of
longest
(slowest)
fragments
Power
source
Gel
Completed gel
Band of
shortest
(fastest)
fragments
Fig. 12-18
Amplified
crime scene
DNA
Amplified
suspect’s
DNA
Longer
fragments
Shorter
fragments
Fig. 12-19
Restriction enzymes added
Suspect’s
DNA
Crime scene
DNA
Fragment w
Cut
Fragment z
Fragment x
Cut
Cut
Fragment y
Fragment y
Crime scene
DNA
Longer
fragments
Suspect’s
DNA
z
x
Shorter
fragments
w
y
y
Fig. 12-20
Fig. 12-21
Anthrax
spore
Envelope
containing
anthrax spores
Fig. 12-22-1
Chromosome
Fig. 12-22-2
Chromosome
Chop up with
restriction enzyme
DNA fragments
Fig. 12-22-3
Chromosome
Chop up with
restriction enzyme
DNA fragments
Sequence
fragments
Fig. 12-22-4
Chromosome
Chop up with
restriction enzyme
DNA fragments
Sequence
fragments
Align
fragments
Fig. 12-22-5
Chromosome
Chop up with
restriction enzyme
DNA fragments
Sequence
fragments
Align
fragments
Reassemble
full sequence
Fig. 12-22a
Fig. 12-23
Fig. 12-24-1
Normal human
gene isolated
and cloned
Healthy person
Fig. 12-24-2
Normal human
gene isolated
and cloned
Harmless
virus (vector)
Normal human
gene inserted
into virus
Healthy person
Virus containing
normal human gene
Fig. 12-24-3
Normal human
gene isolated
and cloned
Harmless
virus (vector)
Normal human
gene inserted
into virus
Virus containing
normal human gene
Bone
marrow
Healthy person
Virus injected
into patient with
abnormal gene
Bone of person
with disease
Fig. 12-25
Fig. 12-26
Fig. 12-27
Fig. 12-28
Fig. 12-T01
Fig. 12-UN01
DNA isolated from two
sources and cut by same
restriction enzyme
Gene of interest
(could be obtained from
a library or synthesized)
Plasmid
(vector)
Recombinant
DNA
Transgenic organisms
Useful products
Fig. 12-UN02
Crime scene
Suspect 1
Suspect 2
DNA
Polymerase chain
reaction (PCR)
amplifies STR
sites
Longer
DNA
fragments
Gel
Shorter
DNA
fragments
DNA fragments compared by gel electrophoresis
Fig. 12-UN03
Normal
human gene
Virus
Bone
marrow
Normal human gene is transcribed
and translated in patient, potentially
curing genetic disease permanently