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Mendelian Genetics Chapter 6.3 & 6.4 Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel: Father of genetics, studied pea plants. 1822-1884 Genetics: study of heredity Heredity: transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to offspring Trait: a characteristic controlled by genes Ex) tongue roller, hair color, eye color, etc. Recessive and Dominant Traits Dominant: A trait that covers or masks another trait. Recessive: A trait that is covered or masked when paired with a dominant trait. Chromosomes and Genes Gene: A segment of DNA on a chromosome that controls a particular trait. Allele: alternative form of a gene, one is dominant and one is recessive. An individual inherits 2 alleles for every gene – 1 from mom and 1 from dad In genetics, alleles are Homologous chromosomes represented by letters. Dominant alleles: represented F f with a capital letter Example: F = dominant allele for purple flowers Recessive alleles: represented with a lower case letter Example: f = recessive allele that will yield white flowers Different alleles for the same gene Mendel’s Laws Law of Segregation: during gamete formation (MEIOSIS) pairs of alleles separate and are randomly united during fertilization Offspring receives 1 allele from each parent Segregation happens here during Anaphase 1 Mendel’s Laws Cont’d Law of Independent Assortment: allele pairs separate independently of one another during gamete formation. O R This law would be violated, for example, if the “G" allele was always associated with the “Y" allele (and thus eliminating the possibility of Gy and gY gametes). Chapter 6.4 & 6.5 Genotype and Phenotype Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism Consists of 2 alleles inherited from parents Phenotype: the physical appearance of an organism resulting from genotype Genotype and Phenotype Genotype: Phenotype: FF Ff ff Purple flowers Purple flowers White flowers F = allele for purple flowers (dominant) f = allele for white flowers (recessive) Homozygous: both alleles are alike Homozygous Dominant: has 2 dominant alleles (FF) Homozygous Recessive: has 2 recessive alleles (ff) Heterozygous: each allele differs (Ff) Heterozygous organisms usually display the dominant phenotype Always write capital letter first! Monohybrid Crosses Monohybrid Cross: a cross that involves 1 pair of contrasting traits We use diagrams called Punnett square to predict offspring traits. Create a box & add parent genotypes Fill in potential offspring genotypes. Offspring Genotypic and Phenotypic Ratios Genotypic Ratio: ratio of genotypes that will appear in the offspring Expressed in order from Most Dominant to Most Recessive 1 RR : 2 Rr : 1 rr Phenotypic Ratio: ratio of phenotypes that will appear in the offspring Also expressed in order from Most Dominant to Most Recessive 3 Red : 1 white