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Exploring Mendelian Genetics http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism = _________________ Sex chromosomes http://www.angelbabygifts.com/ All other chromosomes = _________________ autosomes Humans have two sex chromosomes X Y and _____ 44 autosomes SEX DETERMINATION XX = female XY = male Who decides? Mom can give X Dad can give X or y X X X XX XX y Xy Xy Dad determines sex of the baby. SO ____ If dad gives X with mom’s X = girl If dad give y with mom’s X = boy HEMOPHILIA CAUSE: Blood clotting proteins Mutation in genes for __________________ carried ______ on X chromosome Blood clotting proteins are missing so person with this disorder can’t stop bleeding when bleed to death from minor injured; can ________________ cuts or suffer internal bleeding from bruises or bumps. males because it is More common in ______ _____________ TWO recessive X-linked, but females with ______ hemophilia alleles will also show the trait. • Colorblindness and pattern baldness are also sex-linked recessive traits carried on the X chromosome Males ONLY HAVE ONE X DEFECTIVE They either have the disorder NORMAL Or They are normal FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES DEFECTIVE NORMAL DEFECTIVE Females have one normal gene that works. Femalesneed ________ 2 defective recessiv alleles to show the The X chromosome in males . . . flies WITHOUT a copilot! . . . there’s NO BACK UP X to help them! X-linked cross Xb Xb Dad is not XB colorblind Mom is colorblind y Xb y Xb y XB Xb XB Xb What is the probability of having a colorblind boy? All boys will be colorblind What is the probability of having a colorblind girl?No girls will be colorblind Girls with this genotype: XB Xb don’t show the COLORBLIND trait They have a “backup” X. BUT. . . . They can pass the gene onto their offspring. A heterozygous person who carries a recessive allele for a genetic doesn’t disorder, but ________ show the trait themselves is called a _____________ CARRIER Xb Xb XB XB Xb XB Xb Y http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc460/spring/rlm/RLM36.1.html Xb Y Xb Y GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by ____________________________ MORE THAN ONE GENE POLYGENIC TRAIT = __________________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ____________ MORE than ONE gene have _____ _________ many “___________” in-between phenotypes There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________ whole range of intelligences in-between http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE ____________________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE ____________________ CO-DOMINANCE ____________________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE Dominant allele _______ masks __________ the ___________ recessive one PATTERN ? Recessive allele ____________ ________ returns in a _____ratio in the 3:1 ____ F2 generation http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE DON’T SEE expected __________ _____ 3:1 ratio in F2 generation Heterozygous organisms with one _____________ dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ BLENDED in-between trait Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html Intermediate Inheritance—How it works • Ex: Andalusian Chickens come in Black, White, or Blue. • White and Black Colors are not dominant over each other. Intermediate Inheritance—How it works • Blue is the intermediate trait, created when a Black Color allele and a White color allele are combined. Intermediate Inheritance—How it works • When writing these Intermediate alleles, the “C” for Color is used. • With the “C”, a superscript “W” or “B” is used to show which Intermediate alleles it has. Intermediate Inheritance—How it works CWCW = White CBCW = Blue chicken CBCB = Black Tasty Chicken… Intermediate Inheritance—How it works • A Punnett Square testcross is the same as a Monohybrid cross, but would place each intermediate allele in each section of the diagram. CO-DOMINANCE BOTH traits are expressed at ___________ _______ SAME TIME (_____________________) in heterozygote NO BLENDING ROAN A ________HORSE has ______________ BOTH RED hair and __________ WHITE hair side by side Coat color in Shorthorn cattle is the result of Codominance • R= Red • W= White CR CW CR CR CR CR CW W W CW CR CW C C CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have choices ____________ MORE than 2 allele __________ MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT = ____________________ EX: blood type B ___ O A ___ Allele choices ___ BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT = _________________________ The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: A B O _____ ____ ____ BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B” glycoprotein on its surface BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH “A” and “B” glycoproteins on its surface BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES GENOTYPE IAIA IAi IBIB IBi ii IAIB PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) A A B B O AB DONOR BLOOD A and AB see A as “like me” Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! DONOR BLOOD B and AB see B as “like me” Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! DONOR BLOOD O can donate to ____ EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ UNIVERSAL DONOR Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg DONOR BLOOD Only AB sees AB as “like me” Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! AB can only GIVE to AB BUT . . . AB can RECEIVE FROM ______ EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________ UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT Body image modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA A B AB O 40% 10% 4% 46% http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/BldTyping.html