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Nucleic Acids and Genetics Chapter 5 A. P. Biology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School Is Genetics Important to Me? Genetics • Basic unit of heredity- Gene- a linear sequence of nucleotides of DNA. • Genotype- genetic make-up of organism; its potential characteristics. • Phenotype- the observable physical traits of an organism. • The Phenotype is the organism’s physical expression of its Genotype. Eukaryotes are Diploid • Locus - is a gene’s location on the chromosome. • Allele- an alternative form of a gene at a specific locus. • Eukaryotes have pairs of identical chromosomes- diploid. May have two alleles of a gene. • Prokaryotes are not diploid. When good DNA goes Bad! • A permanent change in the sequence of nucleotides mutation. Mutations change the information of that gene. • DNA- function is to store and transfer information. Mistakes in DNA -->Mutations How is DNA Accurately Transferred? • DNA serves as a template for its own replication; an exact pattern. • How, you ask? • By base pairing. What is a Nucleotide? • Subunits of DNA/RNA are Nucleotides = nitrogenous base + deoxy- or ribose sugar (5 carbons) + PO4 • Purines: Adenine and Guanine • Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil Monosaccharides of Nucleic Acids Adenosine Monophosphate • Base = adenine • In DNA, sugar = deoxyribose (In RNA, sugar = ribose) • A phosphate group, PO4 • The Nucleotide = AMP Adenosine Monophosphate Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Guanosine Monophosphate Thymine Monophosphate Cytosine Monophosphate Uracil Monophosphate (in RNA) Base Pairing Rules • In DNA, A=T C G • In RNA, A=U C G H-Bonding Between Bases QuickTime™ and a Animation decompressor are needed to see this picture. Characteristics of DNA • Chains of nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester bonds. • Carbon 5 of deoxyribose is attached to PO4. • Carbon 3 of deoxyribose is a OH- free to attach to the next nucleotide. • Double helix is held together by Hbonding. Double Helix • DNA is antiparallel: 5’PO4 -------------------------3’OH 3’OH -------------------------5’PO4 The 3-D Structure of DNA QuickTime™ and a Cinepak decompressor are needed to see this picture. DNA Replication • Begins at a specific location on the circular bacterial chromosome-origin (OriC). • Occurs in two directions at the same time-two moving replication forkspoints where the two strands separate to allow replication of DNA. Bring on DNA Replication! Replication, must I see! Replication Fork Show me the Replication! DNA Replication QuickTime™ and a Cinepak decompressor are needed to see this picture. DNA Replication Prokaryotes Eukaryotes • single, circular • multiple, linear chromosome. chromosomes. • one single origin • several origins on on the each chromosome. chromosome. • rate of about 50• rate of over 1,000 100 nt/second nt/second.