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Transcript 
CHMI 2227E
Biochemistry I
Gene expression
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
1
Nature of the gene
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
2
Species
Humans
Drosophila (Drosophila
melanogaster)
Yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Nematode (Caenorhabditis
elegans)
E. coli
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis
thaliana)
Genome
size
Number
of genes
2.9 billion
base pairs
20,00025,000
120 million
base pairs
13,601
12 million
base pairs
6, 275
97 million
base pairs
19,000
4.1 million
base pairs
4,800
125 million
base pairs
25,000
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
3
Nature of the gene
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
4
Nature of the gene
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
5
What happens when gene
expression is screwed-up?
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
Normal
fly
Antennapedia
mutation
6
Central dogma of molecular biology
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
7
Transcription: turning on a gene
Transcription
factors
Promoter
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
8
Promoters
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
9
Promoters
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
10
Transcription
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
11
Transcription
Messenger RNA
(mRNA) is antiparallel to
template strand
(5’ 3’)
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
Complementarity
12
mRNAs are modified in eukaryotes
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
13
mRNAs are modified in eukaryotes
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
14
mRNAs are translated into
proteins
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
15
Translation
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
16
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
17
The genetic code
3’
5’
A
U
5’
3’
mRNA
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
18
The genetic code
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
19
Translation
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
20
Translation - Initiation
fMET = N-formyl methionine
The initiation codon is ALWAYS AUG  Methionine
http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/RNAtranslation.jpeg
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
21
Translation - Elongation
Peptide bond: synthesized by the « peptidyl transferase »
enzyme on the large ribosomal subunit
Translocation
http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/RNAtranslation.jpeg
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
22
Translation - Termination
Three « Stop » codons exist: UGA; UAA, UAG
http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/RNAtranslation.jpeg
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
23
Cue from environment (hormones, temperature, etc)
Protein function
Change in cell behavior
Change in organism
http://www.contexo.info/DNA_Basics/images/gene_expression.gif
CHMI 2227 - E.R. Gauthier, Ph.D.
Adaptation to
environment
24
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