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Transcript 
Genome evolution course
The architecture of the human genome
Dr. Itai Yanai
TA: Gal Avital
E-mail: [email protected]
Reception hours: Sunday 16:30-17:30
Emerson 4th floor, Yanai lab
Course information:
Final grade will be determined based on:
• 60% final exam
• 30% home work assignment (7 total)
• 10% participation and bonus questions
Home work assignments will be submitted to the
MOODLE before the beginning of class.
Basic terms:
Heredity- The transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring.
Genome- A complete set of an organism hereditary information.
Chromosome- The structure of the DNA and associated proteins
that carries the hereditary information.
Gene- A molecular unit of heredity.
Allele- A variant of a gene.
Genomic structure:
Human
Wippold et al. (2007) AJNR
E-coli
Griswold, A. (2008) Nature Education
Chromosome structure:
Telomere
Centromere
P-arm
Q-arm
Telomere
Chromosome packing:
Essential Cell Biology 2nd edition
Giemsa stain- Chromosomal bands
Is the banding pattern indicative?
Chromosomal bands:
G/R bands
G-band R-band
GC content
AT
GC
Poor
Rich
Genes
Chromatin
Heterochromatin Euchromatin
Chromosomal EvolutionHuman Vs. Chimpanzees
Modified from James R 2010
Chromosomal Evolution
Fusion or fission?
Modified from Yunis, J. J., Prakash, O. (1982) Science
Human genome
Gene structure
ENCODE project
Bacterial genes
DNA
Promoter/operator
5’
Lac I
RNA
5’
3’
Lac Z
Lac Y
Lac A
3’
Alternative splicing
DNA
5’
Pre-mRNA 5’
3’
3’
Search engines for research articles
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
http://scholar.google.com/
PubMed
PubMed
Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Summary/Abstract:
The main findings of
the paper
Introduction:
Scientific background and
working hypothesis
Materials and methods:
How was the work done?
Results:
The new findings
Figures and legends
Displaying the new findings
References:
Every statement has a
reference
Critical reading:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Figures and legend (without reading the results section!)
Results
Discussion
• What is the main question?
•
•
•
•
What method did the authors use to answer the question?
Did we understand the main results?
Is our interpretation similar to the authors’?
Have the authors answered the main question?
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