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Hormone
Major Metabolic Control Hormones
Second
Receptor
Mechanism
messenger
Insulin (51 amino
Tyrosine
acid heterodimeric
kinase
peptide)
Phosphorylated
proteins
Target tissues
Liver, muscle,
adipose, pancreas,
many others
Enzyme activity
Gene transcription
decreased cAMP
Enzyme activity
Glucagon (29
amino acid
peptide)
G-protein
coupled
Cortisol (steroid)
Transcription Altered level of
factor
specific mRNA
Epinephrine
(tyrosine
derivative)
G-protein
coupled (at
least four
types)
cAMP
Growth
hormone (191
amino acid
protein)
Cytokine
family cell
surface
Tyrosine kinase
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cAMP
decreased cAMP
Sometimes gene
transcription
Liver, pancreas
Gene transcription
Nearly all
Enzyme activity
Liver, muscle,
adipose, brain,
pancreas,
cardiovascular
PI hydrolysis
Enzyme activity
Liver, muscle,
adipose; others
mediated by IGF-I
Sometimes gene
transcription
PI hydrolysis
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Regulation of Liver Metabolism
Pathway
Regulatory enzyme Stimulators
Glycolysis
Glucokinase
Phosphofructokinase
TCA Cycle
Glycogen
synthesis
Glycogen
breakdown
Hexose monophosphate
Urea cycle
Fatty acid
synthesis
Ketone body
synthesis
Cholesterol
synthesis
Purine
synthesis
Pyrimidine
synthesis
Hormones
affecting enzyme
activity
Citrate, ketone
bodies, ATP,
phosphoenolpyruvate
ATP, alanine
Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine (all
via altered [F2,6bP])
Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine Glucagon Fructose 2,6bisphosphate, AMP
Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine CoA, NAD, ADP,
pyruvate, Ca2+
Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA, NADH,
ATP
ADP
Insulin Citrate synthase
NAD, (TCA cycle
intermediates)
Isocitrate
dehydrogenase
-ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase
Glycogen synthase
ADP, Ca2+
Citrate, Long chain
acyl-CoA, ATP,
NADH, succinyl-CoA
ATP, NADH
Pyruvate kinase
Gluconeogenesis
(High plasma
glucose)
Fructose 2,6bisphosphate,
AMP
AMP, Fructose1,6-bisphosphate
Inhibitors
Phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxykinase
Fructose 1,6bisphosphatase
Glucose-6phosphatase
Pyruvate
dehydrogenase
Pyruvate carboxylase
Glycogen
phosphorylase
Glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase
Glutamate
dehydrogenase
Carbamoyl phosphate
synthetase I
Acetyl-CoA
carboxylase
HMG-CoA synthase
Ca2+
Glucose-6phosphate
AMP
ATP, NADH,
succinyl-CoA, GTP
Glycogen
NADP
Glucose-6-phosphate,
ATP
NADPH
ADP
ATP, GTP, NADH
N-acetylglutamate
(substrate)
Citrate
Long-chain acyl-CoA
Ribose-phosphate
pyrophosphokinase
PRPP glutamyl
PRPP
amidotransferase
Carbamoyl phosphate ATP, PRPP
synthetase II
Aspartate
transcarbamoylase
Insulin Cortisol Insulin Cortisol Glucagon Insulin Cortisol Insulin Cortisol Insulin Cortisol Glucagon Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine Insulin Cortisol Insulin Insulin Glucagon Acetyl-CoA
HMG-CoA reductase
Hormones
affecting
enzyme
levels
Insulin Cortisol Insulin Cortisol Insulin Glucagon Cholesterol, bile
acids
Adenine, Guanine
and Thymine
nucleotides
Adenine and
Guanine nucleotides
Uridine nucleotides,
GTP
CTP
Insulin Glucagon Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Metabolism
Pathway
Glycolysis
Regulatory
enzyme
Glucose transporter
(GLUT 4)
Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Glycogen
synthesis
Glycogen synthase
Glycogen
breakdown
Protein
synthesis
Glycogen
Phosphorylase
Transcription and
translation
initiation
Protein
breakdown
Protease activation
Stimulators
Inhibitors
(Muscle
contraction)
Fructose 2,6bisphosphate,
AMP, (Muscle
contraction)
Glucose-6phosphate, low
Glycogen levels
Ca2+, AMP
Hormones
affecting enzyme
activity
Insulin Cortisol (change
amount in plasma
membrane)
Glucose-6-phosphate
Citrate, ketone
bodies, ATP
Hormones
affecting
enzyme levels
Insulin Cortisol Cortisol Ca2+, AMP
Insulin Epinephrine Glucose-6-phosphate,
ATP
Insulin Epinephrine Insulin Insulin Growth
hormone
Androgens
Cortisol Insulin Cortisol Regulation of Adipose Tissue Metabolism
Pathway
Glycolysis
Regulatory
enzyme
Glucose transporter
(GLUT 4)
Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Triacylglycerol
synthesis
Triacylglycerol
breakdown
Lipoprotein lipase
Glycerol phosphate
acyltransferase
Hormone-sensitive
lipase
Stimulators
Fructose 2,6bisphosphate,
AMP, (Muscle
contraction)
(high VLDL,
chylomicrons)
Inhibitors
Hormones
affecting enzyme
activity
Insulin Cortisol (change
amount in plasma
membrane)
Glucose-6-phosphate
Citrate, ketone
bodies, ATP
Hormones
affecting
enzyme levels
Insulin Cortisol Cortisol Insulin (low glycerol
phosphate levels)
Insulin Epinephrine Insulin Cortisol Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photo-phosphorylation (ATP synthase)
NH2
Adenosine Diphosphate
(ADP)
N
O
O
OH
H
OH
H
G´° = +30.5 kJ/mol
O
H
N
O
O
O
N
O P O P O P O CH2 O
O
O
O
H
H
H
H
OH
OH
O
O P OH
+
H
N
N
N
O
O
N
O P O P O CH2 O
NH2
Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP)
N
Inorganic
phosphate
+
H2O
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation (Pyruvate kinase)
NH2
Adenosine Diphosphate
(ADP)
O
N
O P O
O
+
O O
O
+
O P O P O CH2 O
O C C CH2
O
Phosphoenolpyruvate
O
H
OH
H
OH
H
O O
H2O
O C C CH3
G´° = ––31.7 kJ/mol
H
N
N
N
N
NH2
Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP)
N
N
O
O
O
N
O P O P O P O CH2 O
+
Pyruvate
O
O
O
H
H
OH
H
OH
H
Phosphoglycerate kinase
Succinyl-CoA synthetase
ATP Buffers
NH2
Adenosine Diphosphate
(ADP)
O
O
O P O P O CH2 O
O
O
H
OH
H
OH
O P O P O CH2 O
O
H
H
OH
H
OH
H
Adenylate
kinase
G´° = +2.0 kJ/mol
O
O
O
N
O P O P O CH2 O
O
O
+
H
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
O
O
CH3
N
H
N
NH
Phosphocreatine
O
P O
O
G´° = ––12.6 kJ/mol
O
O
CH3
N
NH2
NH
Creatine
+
H
OH
H
OH
NH2
N
N
Creatine
kinase
H
H
Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP)
N
O
H
N
O
N
O P O CH2 O
+
H
H
Adenosine Monophosphate NH2
(AMP)
N
N
N
O
O
O
N
O P O P O P O CH2 O
N
N
O
N
N
N
N
NH2
Adenosine Diphosphate
(ADP)
O
O
O
H
H
O
+
NH2
Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP)
N
N
N
N
NH2
Adenosine Diphosphate
(ADP)
N
N
O
O
O
O
O
O
N
N
O P O P O P O CH2 O
H
H
OH
H
OH
H
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