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Information Transmission and Signal Transduction
Nucleic Acids
Enzymes
Context-Dependent Molecules
Definitions
Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
Hormone
Receptor
Affinity
Specificity
Capacity
Mechanism
Partial List of Signaling Molecules and Their Receptors
Type of Signaling
Molecule
Glycoprotein
Examples
LH, FSH
Receptor
Location
Cell surface
Mechanism of
Action
G-protein coupled
Polypeptide
PTH, Calcitonin
Cell surface
G-protein coupled
Polypeptide
Insulin, IGF-I, EGF
Cell surface
Tyrosine kinase
Polypeptide
Atrial Natriuretic
Peptide
Cell surface
Guanylyl cyclase
Amino acid
Glutamate
Cell surface
Ion channel or
G-protein coupled
Amino acid derivative
Epinephrine
Cell surface
G-protein coupled
Amino acid derivative
Triiodothyronine
Intracellular
Transcription
factor
Amine
Acetylcholine
Cell surface
Ion channel or
G-protein coupled
Fatty acid derivative
Prostaglandin PGE2
Cell surface
G-protein coupled
Steroid
Estradiol,
Testosterone, Cortisol
Intracellular
Transcription
factor
Steroid
Estradiol
Cell surface
Ion channel
Terpene
Retinoic acid
Intracellular
Transcription
factor
Gas
Nitric Oxide
Intracellular
Guanylyl cyclase
Extracellular Ion
Calcium
Cell surface
G-protein coupled
O
OH
O
HO
Prostaglandin E2
CH3
H3C
N
CH3
O
O
HO
CH3
OH
O
O
Acetylcholine
OH
HO
HO
Thyroid hormone
I (Triiodothyronine)
I
CH3
O
NH2
OH
Epinephrine
OH
O
O
O
Progesterone
HO
OH
O
HO
O
O
NH3
OH
O
Aldosterone
OH
HO
Testosterone
OH
O
O
O
Cortisol
O
O
Glutamate
OH
O
HO
H3N
OH
all-trans-Retinoic acid
1!,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3
O
I
9-cis-Retinoic acid
OH
Estradiol
O N•
Nitric
oxide
G-Protein Coupled Receptors
OH
Epinephrine
OH
H2N
CH3 OH
!-Adrenergic
Receptor
PDB ID 3SN6)
O
O
O
ATP
Gs"
G#
cAMP
G!
Adenylyl Cyclase
(inactive)
Gs"•GTP
(PDB ID 1AZT)
Nucleotide
exchange
and
# subunit
dissociation
O
#
GDP !
"
!-Adrenergic
+ Receptor
(Agonist-bound)
O
#
GTP +
!
"
Adenylyl
cyclase
activation
Adenylyl Cyclase
Gs"•GTP
(PDB ID 3C16)
O
GTP
Adenylyl #
GTP hydrolysis
cyclase
ATP
O
N
N
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
H
H
OH
N
N
N
N
O CH2 O
O P O P O P O CH2 O
O
NH2
N
N
GDP
cAMP
O P O P OH
NH2
Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP)
O
#
Adenylyl cyclase
H
H
H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
O P
O
3´,5´-Cyclic
Adenosine Monophosphate
(cAMP)
H2O
+
O
O
O P O P OH
O
O
O
Pyrophosphatase
O P OH
O
+
O
O P OH
O
Glycogen
Phosphorylase
cAMP
ATP
cAMP-Dependent
Protein Kinase
Phosphorylase
Kinase
ATP
P
Phosphorylase
Kinase
ADP
ADP
P
Glycogen
Phosphorylase
HO CH2
H
P
Glycogen
Phosphorylase
HO CH2
O
H
OH
H
H
H
H
OH
O
H
HO CH2
H
H
H
H
OH
OH
n
Glycogen
O P OH
H
O
H
OH
O
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
n–1
Glycogen
H
O
H
OH
H
O
H
HO CH2
O
H
H
OH
O
OH
H
OH
HO CH2
O
O P O
H
OH
O
Glucose-1-phosphate
NH2
N
O
N
N
O P O CH2 O
H
H
O
H
OH
H
N
N
N
N
O CH2 O
O P
NH2
N
Phosphodiesterase
O
H
H
OH
H
OH
H
O
3´,5´-Cyclic
Adenosine Monophosphate
(cAMP)
Adenosine Monophosphate
(AMP)
O
H3C
O
CH3
N
N
N
N
CH3
1,3,7-trimethyl
xanthine
Related Second Messengers
O
N
N
O
O
O
O
H
H
OH
H
OH
O
N
N
H
O
H
OH
O P
O
O
O
N
CH3
OH
H
OH
Guanosine Monophosphate
(GMP)
CH3
N
O
N
N
H
N
HN
O S O
N
H
H
O
3´,5´-Cyclic
Guanosine Monophosphate
(cGMP)
CH3
N
N
O H2N
N
O P O CH2 O
Phosphodiesterase V
H
H
H
N
H2N
N
O CH2 O
Guanylyl cyclase
H
H
O
N
O
O
O H2N
N
O P O P O P O CH2 O
O
O
O P O P OH
O
GuanosineTriphosphate
(GTP)
H
CH3
Sildenafil
NO2
O
O2N
NO2
O
1,2,3-propanetriol
trinitrate
Membrane Lipid Signaling
OH
OH
OH HO
HO
HO
O
O
O P O
HO
OH
O P O
PI 3-Kinase
CH2 CH CH2
Phosphatidyl
inositol-3-phosphate
O
C
O
O P O
O
O
OH
O
O
O
Phosphatidyl
inositol
OH
Phospholipase A2
O
CH2 CH CH2
O
O
C
C
O
O
C
Arachidonic acid
O
Prostaglandin
Synthase
O
PI 4-Kinase
OH
O
PGH2
O
PIP 5-Kinase
O P O
Inositol
1,4,5-trisphosphate
O
(IP3)
OH HO
HO
O P O
O
H
O
O
OH HO
O P O
O P O
HO
O
O
Phospholipase C
C
O
O
O P O
O P O
Phosphatidyl
inositol-4,5bisphosphate
CH2 CH CH2
O
O
O
OH
Diacylglycerol
O
O
CH2 CH CH2
O
C
C
O
O
O
O
O
C
O
Nuclear Receptors
"
!
"
!
"
"
!
"
!
"
!
!
"
!
"
!"#$
#$%&'()*$+,%&&%'()
OH
Major Metabolic Control Hormones
Hormone
Receptor
Second
messenger
Mechanism
Target tissues
Insulin (51
amino acid
heterodimeric
peptide)
Tyrosine
kinase
Phosphorylated
proteins
∆ Enzyme
activity
Gene
decreased cAMP transcription
Liver, muscle,
adipose,
pancreas, many
others
Glucagon (29
amino acid
peptide)
G-protein
coupled
cAMP
∆ Enzyme
activity
Sometimes
gene
transcription
Liver, pancreas
Cortisol
(steroid)
Transcription
factor
Altered level of
specific mRNA
Gene
transcription
Nearly all
Epinephrine
(tyrosine
derivative)
G-protein
coupled (at
least four
types)
cAMP
∆ Enzyme
activity
Liver, muscle,
adipose, brain,
pancreas,
cardiovascular
Growth
hormone (191
amino acid
protein)
Cytokine
family cell
surface
Tyrosine kinase ∆ Enzyme
activity
PI hydrolysis
Sometimes
gene
transcription
Liver, muscle,
adipose; others
mediated by
IGF-I
Thyroid
hormone
(tyrosine
derivative)
Transcription
factor
Altered level of
specific mRNA
Gene
transcription
Nearly all
Androgens
(steroid)
Transcription
factor
Altered level of
specific mRNA
Gene
transcription
Muscle, gonads,
brain
decreased cAMP
PI hydrolysis
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