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Academic Sciences
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
ISSN- 0975-1491
Vol 6 Issue 2, 2014
Review Article
THE GENUS POLYGONUM (POLYGONACEAE): AN ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL AND
PHYTOCHEMICAL PERSPECTIVES –REVIEW
GANAPATHI NARASIMHULU1, KESIREDDY KATHYVEVELU REDDY2, JAMALUDIN MOHAMED1*
1Programme
of Biomedical Science, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Science, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Zoology, S.V.
University, Tirupati 517502, A.P., India. Email: [email protected]
Received: 20 Jan 2014, Revised and Accepted: 02 Mar 2014
ABSTRACT
The genus Polygonum (Polygonaceae), comprising about 300 species, is distributed worldwide, mostly in north temperate climates, is interesting
from both biological and phytochemical perspectives. In this review, a contemporary summary of biological and pharmacological investigate on
Polygonum species will be presented and critically evaluated. Significant findings in the treatment various diseases such as snake-bites,
inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antivirus, antiseptic, antifungal, diabetic, hypertension, hyperlipemia, jaundice, hemorrhage, cough, fever,
ulcers, skin affections, anemia, diarrhea and various urologic disorders, have been presented in ethnobotanical reports and recent studies were
performed on ethanol extracts for certain Polygonum species. Polygonum, the most important constituent isolated is known to possess anticancer
activity. Very few additional data are available on the biological activities and cytotoxicity of pure compounds from Polygonum. Twenty-nine
distinguished species of Polygonum have been reported in scientific literature as ethnobotanically used or phytochemically investigated. However,
information about a chemical outline is available only for few species. The following review gives a critical assessment of the literature to date and
aims to show that the pharmaceutical potential of this genus has been underestimated and deserves closer attention.
Keywords: Polygonum, Traditional medicine, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry.
INTRODUCTION
The plant kingdom continues to be a foremost source of novel
natural products with potential for use as drugs or pharmaceutical
mediators. According to The World Health Organization, more than
80% of the world population in developing countries depends
primarily on plants based medicines for basic healthcare needs[1].
Polygonum is a member of Polygonaceae family that contains,
according to respective taxonomic treatments; ca. 300 species is
distributed worldwide in temperate climates[2]. They vary widely
from prostrate herbaceous annual plants under 5 cm high, others
erect herbaceous perennial plants growing to 3 - 4 m, and yet others
perennial woody vines growing up to 20-30 m high in trees. Several
are aquatic, growing as floating plants in ponds.
The leaves are 1- 30 cm long, and vary in shape between species
from narrow lanceolate to oval, broad triangular, heart-shaped, or
arrowhead forms. The stems are often red-speckled or reddish.
Flowers are small, white, pink or greenish, appearance in summer in
dark cluster from the leaf joints or stem apices. A number of
Polygonum species are used as food and for traditional folk
medicines
such
as
cardiovascular
protection
[3],
antiinflammation[4], neuroprotection [5] and mitigation of
biochemical processes involved in age-related neurodegenerative
disorders such as Alzheimer’s [6]and Parkinson’s disease[7].
Chemical constituents recognized in the Polygonum species are
flavonoid [8], triterpenoids [9], anthraquinones [10], coumarins [11],
phenylpropanoids [12, 13], lignans [14], sesquiterpenoids [15, 16],
stilbenoids [17], and tannins [2]. Amongst them, flavonoids are the most
common components found in Polygonum and have previously been
used as chemotaxonomic markers of the genus, playing an important
role in the systematics of Polygonaceae species[18].
Present study is an attempt to compile an up-to-date and comprehensive
review of the genus Polygonum that covers its traditional medicinal uses,
chemistry and pharmacology. Many plants of this genus are
pharmacologically known but chemically unknown and vice-versa,
therefore, the scope of future research in this aspect.
et al., [16]reported that evaluate the antifungal properties of aerial
parts of P. acuminatum.
Polygonum amplexicaule
Emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside of P. amplexicaule significantly
stimulated cell proliferation at 0.1-100 μg/mL and the proportion of
cells in S-phase amplified from 16.33 to 27.29% in osteoblastic
MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, ethanol extracts of P. amplexicaule
improved alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression in MC3T3-E1 cells
at the concentration from 0.1 to 100 μg/mL and inhibited PGE (2)
production induced by TNF-α in osteoblasts at the concentrations
ranging from 10 to 100 μg/mL in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts [20].
Polygonum aviculare
The supplementation of P. aviculare ethanol extract to high-fat dietinduced obese mice significantly decreased body weight gain, adipose
tissue weight, adipocyte size, and lipogenic gene expression as well as
serum triglyceride, leptin, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels [21].
Polygonum bistorta
Ethanolic extract of P. bistorta showed strong antiinflammatory
effect[22]. Nikawa et al.,[23] reported that the aqueous extract
strongly inhibits the mutagenicity of Trp-P-1. The hexane and
chloroform fractions and their sub-fractions were evaluated for their
cytotoxic activity against P338 (Murine lymphocytic leukaemia),
HepG2 (Hepatocellular carcinoma), J82 (Bladder transitional
carcinoma), HL60 (Human leukaemia), MCF7 (Human breast cancer)
and LL2 (Lewis lung carcinoma) cancer cell lines in culture [24].
Polygonum capitatum
Ethanolic extracts of P. capitatum possessed antibacterial, analgesic,
antiinflammatory, hypothermia, diuretic and antioxidative activities [25].
Polygonum chinense
Ethnobotanical studies
The chloroform and ethanol extract of whole plant of P. chinense
demonstrated a strong activity against Bacillus subtilis, Stapphylococcus
aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger [26].
Polygonum acuminatum
Polygonum Cillinerve
Aerial parts of P. acuminatum, are used to heal infected wounds and
for other disorders related to fungal infections[19].Recently Derita
The administration of P. Cillinerve with gavage was able to overcome
the
cyclophosphamide-induced
immunosuppression
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significantly to raise the total oxidant capacity (TOC), catalase (CAT),
superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)
level. It also raised the liver, spleen, thymus indices and decreased
the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in mice [27].
(TPA) as a promoter [13]. Methanolic extract of P. lapathifolium
stems have potential anthelmintic and anti-emetic properties [46].
Polygonum cuspidatum
Methanol extract and compounds of P. limbatum have showed
cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity[47].
Extract of P. cuspidatum has antiinflammatory activities such as
inhibition of NF-kB have been reported [4, 28]. Polydatin of P.
cuspidatum has favorable potency to develop a hypolipemic and
hepatoprotective agent in clinic [29]. Ethanol and ethyl acetate
extracts of P. cuspidatum root exhibit an antiproliferative effect on
human lung cancer cells[30]. Piceid of P. cuspidatum represents a
safe and new candidate for a skin-lightening agent[31]. 2-methoxy6-acetyl-7-methyljuglone may act as a potent anti-oxidant, which
significantly interferes with the Mitogen-activated protein kinases
apoptotic cascades, probably rescuing cells by inhibiting the death
pathways [32]. Han et al., [33]reported that ethyl acetate extract of P.
cuspidatum can be a potent candidate for rheumatoid arthritis treatment.
Extract of P. cuspidatum shown that possesses wound-healing activity
[34]. Resveratrol and emodin have shown anticancer potential in various
cancer cells, including hepatocarcinoma cells [35, 36].
Polygonum ferrugineum
Lopez et al., [37]reported that P. ferrugineum extracts as used to heal
infected wounds and as antiseptic, antibiotic antifungal agent in
traditional medicine.
Polygonum flaccidum
Mazid et al., [38]reported that alpha-santalone, of P. flaccidum could
be a potent candidate for analgesic and the diuretic.
Polygonum glabrum
P. glabrum extract is clinically effective as antiinflammatory drug
and works by the mechanism of action similar to that of nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), also has been researched for
anthelmintic activity [39].Which showed activity against
Hymenolepis nana var. fraternal. Kiron et al.,[40] reported that
analgesic activity of aqueous extract of P. glabrum has performed by
formalin-induced paw licking in rats.
Polygonum limbatum
Polygonum minus
Various researchers reported the different biological and
pharmacological activities of Polygonum minus in both in vitro and in
vivo experimental models. It has been found to exhibit antiulcer
[48], antimicrobial [49], antioxidant, anticytotoxicity and
antigenotoxicity activities [50].
Polygonum multiflorum
This herb possesses many effects, such as lipid lowering,
antioxidation, toxin detoxification, anti-tumor, and lubricating
intestine, to treat cardiovascular disorders, neurological disorders,
and other diseases commonly associated with aging [51, 52].
Modern chromatographic separation studies have demonstrated
that many bioactive compounds in P. multiflorum, e.g. stilbene
glycosides, are responsible for its medicinal activities [53-55].
2,3,5,4’-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-d-glucosidel, a major active
stilbene glycoside in P. multiflorum, has been reported to possess
antioxidative, antiinflammatory, endothelial protective, and
oncogenic enzyme inhibitory activities [56]. Hexane extract of P.
multiflorum neuroprotective effect against glutamate-induced
neurotoxicity via inhibition of apoptosis[57].
Polygonum odoratum
The n-Butanol fraction from the methanol extract of this herb
exhibited dramatic hypoglycemic effects in STZ-induced diabetic
mice [58].Chia et al.,[59]reported that the water extract of rhizome
of P. odoratum decreased the blood glucose level in starch-loaded
mice.
Polygonum orientale
P. hypoleucum Ohwi is a Chinese herbs that has been used for the
treatment of arthritis, rheumartitis, cough, influenzaand nephritis
[41]. The previous studies found that P. hypoleucum is a growth
modulator for tumor cells and human mesangial cells [42].
Water extract of P. orientale comprising flavonoids as its principles
was of potential use in the treatment of cardiovascular and
cerebrovascular diseases and an injection prepared from the
flavonoid-enriched water extract had demonstrated protective
effects on myocardial ischaemia [60]. Leaves and flowers of P.
orientale showed a protective effect on H9c2 myocardial cells
oxidative injury [61]. A flavonoid-enriched extract of P. orientale was
reported to show cardioprotective effect[62].
Polygonum hyrcanicum
Polygonum paleaceum
Aerial parts of the Polygonum hyrcanicum are used for the treatment
of liver problems, anemia, hemorrhoids and kidney stones[43].
Methanolic extract from aerial parts of P. hyrcanicum showed high
activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (IC50 = 3.7
microg/mL)[44].
Recently, a few pharmacological studies showed that extract of P.
paleaceum has antiinflammatory effect on inflammatory rates and
antitumor activity to K562, HL-60 (Human promyelocytic leukemia
cells) in vitro and S180, Hep A in vivo, which are related to oxygen
free radical scavenging and antilipid peroxidation activity of P.
paleaceum[63].
Polygonum hypoleucum
Polygonum lanatum
Oral administration of either hexane, and ethyl acetate extracts at a
dose of 300 mg/kg body weight showed statistically significant (p <
0.001) inhibition of rat paw edema by 41.09% and 30.15%,
respectively, which was comparable to that of standard drug
phenylbutazone (42.15%). Compared to the inhibition of acetic acidinduced writhing by aminopyrine (69.94%, p < 0.001), treatment
with either hexane, or ethyl acetate extracts or methanol extracts
elicited significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing reflex
by 44.80% (p < 0.001), 33.87% (p < 0.01) and 62.29% (p < 0.001),
respectively. In addition, mild to potent diuretic activity was
observed after oral administration of these extracts in swiss albino
mice[45].
Polygonum lapathifolium
Phenylpropanoid esters of sucrose, vanicoside B and lapathoside A,
of P. lapathifolium exhibited significant antitumor-promoting effects
on mouse two-stage skin carcinogenesis induced by 7,12dimethylbenz [a] anthracene and tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate
Polygonum perfoliatum
Recently, contemporary studies have shown that P. perfoliatum has a
variety of pharmacological functions including antiinflammatory
[64], antibacterium [65] and antitumor effects. Pharmacological
studies indicated that the flavonoids in P. perfoliatum have antiviral,
anti-oxidative andantitumor activities [66].
Polygonum punctatum
Previous pharmacological reports with the ethanol/water extract of
the entire P. punctatum disclosed antifungal, antihistaminic,
antiinflammatory, antipyretic and hypotensive activities [67].
Polygonum sachalinensis
Previous work showed that leaves extracts of P. sachalinensis can be
used as a plant fungicide against powdery mildew that flavonones
and anthraquinones of flower extracts are good antioxidant
compounds and that phenylpropanoid glycosides from the rhizomes
exhibit β-glucosidase inhibitory activity[68].
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Polygonum spectabile
Polygonum viscosum
Geraldo et al., [69]reports on the investigation of the antimicrobial
and antiviral activity of different extracts and compounds isolated
from the aerial parts of P. spectabile.
Ethanolic extract of young shoots of P. viscosum was found to
possess antibacterial activity [74].
Polygonum stagninum
It is used as a folk remedy to treat inflammation related diseases. On
the antiinflammatory response of P. viviparum against
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW264.7
macrophages [75].
Polygonum viviparum
The n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the aerial parts
of P. stagninum were assessed for analgesic and antiinflammatory
properties in experimental mice and/or rat models[70].
Chemical constituents
Polygonum tinctorium
The reported data showed that flavonoids, terpenoids coumarins,
fatty acid, cinnamic acid derivatives, steroids and alkaloids are the
main and common phytochemicals of the genus Polygonum. The
reported phytochemicals from different plants of the genus are given
as following.
Antifungal, cancer chemopreventive and antibacterial activities [71,
72].Yu et al., [73]reported that the potent anti-HIV-1 and HSV-1
activity of an aqueous extract from the fermented leaves of P.
tinctorium while seeds and leaves of P. tinctorium have an
antioxidant and anticancer properties.
Polygonum acuminatum
Polygodia (1), isopolygodial (2), drimenol (3), confertifolin (4)[16].
(1)
(2)
(3)
Polygonum amplexicaule
Friedelin (1), 𝛽 −sitosterol (2), simiarenone (3), angelicin (4),
psoralen (5), palmitic acid (6), (-)-epicatechin (7), quercetin (8)[76],
Emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside (9) [20], flavan-3-ol (10), khellactone
(4)
(11)[77]. 5, 6-dihydropyranobenzopyrone (12), amplexicine (13),
catechin (14), rutin (15), quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (16),
chlorogenic acid (17), galloyl glucose (18), caffeic acid (19), gallic
acid (20), scopletin (21) [77].
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
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(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
Polygonum aviculare
Polygonum bistorta
Avicularin (1), kaempferol (2), quercetin (3), myricetin (4),
cafferic acid (5), chlorogenic acid (6), coumaric acid (7), oxalic
acid (8), D-catechin (9), gallic acid (10) [78], naphthoquinone
(11), 6-methoxyplumbagin (12), β-sitosterol (13), oleanolic acid
(14), 5,6,7,4’-tetramethoxyflavanone (15) [79].
3-O-methyl-gallic acid (1), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) [80],
5-glutinen-3-one (3), friedelanol (4) [9], 24(E)-ethylidenecycloartanone
(5), 24(E)-ethylidenecycloartan-3a-ol (6), cycloartane-3, 24-dione (7),
24-methylenecycloartanone (8), c-sitosterol (9), β-sitosterol (10), β sitosterone (11), friedelin (12), 3-β -friedelinol (13) [24, 81].
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
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(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(5) R=O,
(6) R=α − OH,
(7). R1 =O
(8). R1= CH2
(3)
(9)
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(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
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(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
Polygonum capitatum
Gallic acid (1), quercitrin (2), vanillic acid (3), protocatechuic acid
(4), flavones (5), chromone glycoside (7-O-(6′-Galloyl)-β-Dglucopyranosyl-5-hydroxychromone) (6) [82],progallin A (7),
nimbecetin (8), quercetin (9), quercitroside (10), tetracosylferulate
(11), quercetin-3-O-𝜷-D-glucoside (12), β-deucosterol (13), βsitosterol (14), [83]. Schizandriside (15), (-)-isolariciresinol-2a-O- β
-D-xylopyranoside (16), (-) -5 ‘-methoxy isolariciresinol-2a-O-𝛃-Dxylopyranoside (17), nudiposide (18), [84] 5,7-dihydroxy-4H-
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Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 2, 21-45
chromen-4-one (19), ellagic acid (20), myricetrin (21), hirsutine
(22), rutin (23), quercetin-3-O-(2”-O-galloyl)-𝛃-D-glucopyranoside
(24) quercitrin (25), kaempferol-3-O-𝜶-L-rhamnopyranoside (26),
quercetin-3-O-(2”-O-galloyl)-𝛂-L-rhamnopyranoside
(27),
kaempferol (28) [85].
(1)
Polygonum chinense
Squalene
(1),
1,2-benzenedicarboxylic
acid
(2),
1,2benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono [2-ethylhexyl] ester (3), 4-hexene1-ol, 5-methyl-2-(methylethanyl)-acetate-®-(4) [86].
(2)
(3)
(4)
Polygonum Cillinerve
Emodin-8-β-D-(2″-O-coumarate) glucoside (1), emodin-8-β- D-(6´-O-acetyl) glucoside (2), physicon-8-β-D-(6´-O-acetyl) glucoside (3) [10].
(1)
(2). R= OH,
(3). R = OCH3
Polygonum cuspidatum
Piceid (5,4’-dihydroxystilbene-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) (1)
[87],
2-methoxy-6-acetyl-7-methyljuglone
(2)
[88],
2methoxystypandrone (3), emodin (4), resveratrol (5), polydatin
(6), emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), (E)-3, 5, 12trihydroxystilbene-3-O- β-D-glucopyranoside-2’- (3”, 4”, 5”-
(1)
(2)
trihydroxybenzoate) (8), (+)- catechin-3-O-gallate (9) [89],
resveratroloside (10), 3,5,5-trihydroxystilbene-3-O- (6”-galloy)glucoside (11), emodin-1-O-glucoside (12), torachrysone-8Oglucoside (13), emodin-8-O-glucoside (14), emodin-8-O-(6’malonyl)-glucosideb
(15),
torachrysone-8-O-(6’-acetyl)glucoside (16), physcion-8-O-glucoside (17), physcion-8-O-(6’acetyl)-glucoside (18)[90].
(3)
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(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
Polygonum ferrugineum
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-3chroman-4-one
(1),
2’4’6’-
(9-hydroxy-phenylmethyl)trihydroxy-30-methoxy-a-
hydroxymethyl-b-hydroxy-dihydrochalcone (2), pashanone (3),
flavokawin B (4), cardamonin or alpinetin chalcone (5),
pinostrobin (6) 5,8-dimethoxy-7-hydroxychroman-4-one (7)[8],
chalcone (8)[37].
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
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Polygonum hypoleucum
Emodin (1), physcion (62A) (2), emodin 1-O-β-D-glucoside (49A) (3), physcion 1-O-β-D-glucoside (50A)(4), emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5),
(+)-catechin (6), (-)-epicatechin (7) [91, 92].
(1). R1=R2=H, (2). R1=H, R2=CH3 (3). 𝛽 –
D-glucoside, R2=H, (4). 𝛽 -D-glucoside,
R2=CH3
(5,)
(6)
(7)
Polygonum hyrcanicum
Quercetin (1), myricetin (2)[93] [17], N-trans-caffeoyltyramine
(3)[94],
quercetin
3-O-α-L-(3”,5”-diacetyl-arabinofuranoside)
(4)[95], quercetin 3-O-α-L-(3”-acetyl-arabinofuranoside) (5),
myricetin 3-O-α-L-arabinofuranoside (6)[96], myricetin 3-O-α-L(3”,5”-diacetyl-arabinofuranoside) (7)[97], (+) catechin (8), (-)
(1). R1=H, R2=H, (3)
(2). R1=H, R2=OH,
(10). R1= β-D-galactopyranoside, R2=OH,
(11). R1= β α-L-rhamnopyranoside, R2=OH,
(12).R1= β-D-galactopyranoside, R2=H.
(6). R1=H R2=H,
(7). R1=-COOH3, R2=COCH3,
gallocatechin (9)[98], myricetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (10)
myricetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (myricitrin) (11)[99],
quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (12)[100], quercetin,3-O-α-Larabinofuranoside (avicularin) (13)[101], tyrosol (14), p-coumaric
acid (15), ferulic acid (16), N-cis-feruloyltyramine (16), N-trans-pcoumaroyltyramine
(17),
N-trans-3,4dimethoxycinnamoyldopamine (18)[44].
(4). R1=-COOH3, R2=COCH3,
(5). R1=-COCH3, R2=H,
(13). R1=H R2=H,
(8). R=H
(9). R=OH
(14)
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(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
Polygonum lapathifolium
Vanicoside B (1), lapathoside A (2)[13], 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy flavanone (pinostrobin) (3) [102].
(1)
(2)
(3)
Polygonum limbatum
Cardamomin (1), (±)-polygohomoisoflavanone (2), (S)-(−)-pinostrobin (3), 2′,4′-dihydroxy-3′,6′-dimethoxychalcone (4), (2S)-(-)-5-hydroxy-6,7dimethoxyflavanone (5), (2S)-(-)-5,7-dimethoxyflavanone (6) [47].
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Polygonum minus
Decanal (1), dodecanal (2), decanol (3), 1-dodecanol, (4), undecanal
(5), tetradecanal (6), 1-undecanol (7), nonanal (8), 1-nonanol (9), βCaryophyllene (10)[103], rutin (11), catechin (12), quercetin (13),
isorhamnetin (14), hexanal (15)[104], 1-hexanol (16), α-Pinene
(17), kaempferol (18), undecane (19), nonanal (20), 1-nonanol (21),
isobornyl acetate (22), n-decanoic acid (23), α-cubebene (24),
xanthorrhizol (25), (E)-caryophyllene (26), trans-α-bergamotene
(27), α-bisabolol (28), farnesene (29), β-himachalene (30), α-
selinene (31), valencene (32), δ-cadinine (33), alloaromadendrene
(34), α-curcumene (35), (-)-α-panasinsene (36), cis –lanceol (37),
farnesol (38), humulene (39), nerolidol (40), dodecanoic acid (41),
β-caryophyllene oxide (42), trans-α-(Z)-Bergamotol (43),
tetradecanal (44), alloaromadendrene oxide-(1) (45), translongipinocarveol (46), neoisolongifolene,8-bromo- (47) isocaryophyllene (48),drimenol (49), drimenin (50), phytol (51) [105],
6,7-methylenedioxy- 5,3‟,4‟,5‟ tetramethoxyflavone (52), 7-4‟,5‟dimethylenedioxy-3,5,3‟-trimethoxyflavone (53) [106].
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(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
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Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 2, 21-45
(31)
(32)
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)
(43)
(44)
(45)
(46)
(47)
(48)
33
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Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 2, 21-45
(49)
(50)
(52)
(53)
(51)
Polygonum multifloruma
Tetrahydroxystilbene-glucoside (2,3,5,4’-tetrahydroxystilbene2-O- β-D-glucoside) (1)[107], Chrysophanol (2), physcion (3),
emodin (4), aloeemodin (5), rhein (6), physcion-8-O- β-Dglucoside (7), emodin-8-O- β-D-glucoside (8), noreugenin (9),
apigenin (10), daucosterol (11), β -sitosterol (12), stearic acid
(13)[108],5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)
phenylβ-Dglucopyranoside(14) [109], hyperoside (15), rutin (16), vitexin
(17), β -amyrin (18) [110], gallic acid (19), hypaphorine (20),
catechin (21), proanthocyanidin B1(22), proanthocyanidin B2
(23), epicatechin (24) [111].
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
34
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Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 2, 21-45
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
Polygonum odoratum
(Z)-3-hexenal (1), (Z)-3-hexenol (2) decanal (3), undecanal (4),
dodecanal (5), aldehydes (6), 3-sulfanyl-hexanal (7), 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol (8) [112], eucalyptol (9), undecane (10), 1-nonanol, (11)
decanol (12), n-decanoic acid (13), 1-nonene (14), β-elemene (15),
β-caryophyllene (16), allo-aromadendren (17),𝛼-caryophyllene
(18), eremophillene (19), 7-epi-alpha-selinene (20), ledol (21),
nerolidol (22), globulol (23), caryophyllene oxide (24), cubenol (25),
eupatoriochromene (26), drimenol (27), hexahydro farnesyl acetone
(28), isophytol (29), n-hexadecanoic acid (30)[113] saponin (31),
flavonoid (32) [114].
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
35
Mohamed et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 2, 21-45
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
36
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Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 2, 21-45
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
Polygonum orientale
(32)
alphitonin (1), methyl 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoate (2), apocynin (3),
kaempferol-3-O-𝛽-D-glucoside (4), 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene (5),
3,3’-dimethoxyellagic-acid-4-O- 𝛽 -D-glucoside (6), kaempferol-3-O𝛼-L-rhamnoside (7), quercetin-3-O-𝛼-L-rhamnoside (8), kaempferol
(9)
[115],
3,5,7-trihydrochromone
(10),
5,7,4’trihydroxydihydroflavonol (11), dihydroquercetin (12), quercetin
(13),
p-hydroxyphenylethanol
ferulate
(14),
p-
hydroxyphenylethanol-p-coumaric (15) catechin (16), isoorientin
(17), orientin (18), quercetin-3-O-(2”-O- 𝛼-rhamnopyranosyl) -𝛽glucarono-pyranoside (19), taxifoliol (20), luteolin (21)[116],
ombuine-3-O-𝛽-D-galactopyranoside (22), ombuine-3-O-rutinoside
(23)[117], tryptophan (24), quercetin-3-O-methyl ether (25),
kaempferol-3-O-(2”-O- 𝛼-L-rhamnopyranosyl)
-𝛽-Dglucuronopyranoside (26), quercetin-3-O-𝛽-D-glucuronide (27)
[118], gallic acid (28), alphitonin (29), taxifolin (30), kaempferol-3O-𝛽-D-glucoside(31)[119].
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
37
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Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 2, 21-45
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
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Mohamed et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 2, 21-45
Polygonum paleaceum
Paleaceolactoside (1), 6-O-galloyl-glucose (2), (+)-catechin (3),
(−)-epicatechin (4), procyanidin B1 (5), procyanidin B2 (6),
procyanidin C1 (7), chlorogenic acid (8), methyl 5-Ocaffeoylquinate (9), 3-O-caffeoyl quinic acid (10), rutin (11),
quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide (12), caffeic acid (13), gallic acid
(14) [2].
(1)
(2)
(3). R= 𝛽 −OH,
(4). R=𝛼 − OH
(5). R=𝛼 − OH,
(6). R=𝛽 − OH
(7)
(8). R1= R3 =H, R2=caffeoy,
(9). R1=CH3, R2=caffeoy
(10). R1= R3 =H, R2=caffeoy,
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
Polygonum perfoliatum
4-dihydro-4-(4’-hydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxycoumarin
(1),
3,4-dihydro-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-4-(4’-methoxyphenyl)
coumarin (2), 3,4-dihydro-5-hydroxy-4-(4’-hydroxyphenyl)-7methoxycoumarin
(3),
3,4-dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-4-(4’methoxyphenyl)
coumarin
(4)[11],
6’-acetyl-3,6diferuloylsucrose (helonioside B) (5), 2’4’6’-triacetyl-3,6diferuloylsucrose (6), 1’2’4’6’-tetraacetyl-3,6-diferuloylsucrose
(1)
(2)
(7), 1’2’6’-triacetyl-3,6-diferuloylsucrose (8), 2’6’-diacetyl-3,6diferuloylsucrose (9),1,3,6-tri-p-coumaroyl-6’- feruloyl sucroses
(10), vanicoside A (11), vanicoside B (12) [120], quercetin-3-Oβ-D-glucuronide (13) [65], 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (14),
methyl caffeoate (15), protocatechuic aldehyde (16), quercetin
(17), pinocernbrin (18), catechin (19), taxifolin (20), taxifolin-3O- 𝛽-D-xylopyranoside (21), 13-epitorulosal (22), coumarin-7-O𝛽-D-glucose glycosidic (23) [121], 8-oxo-pinoresinol (24), 3’,5dihydroxy-3,4’,5’,7-tetramethoxy-flavone (25), rutin (26) [122].
(3)
39
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Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 2, 21-45
(4)
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
(5)
H
H
H
H
H
COCH3
(6)
H
H
COCH3
H
COCH3
COCH3
(7)
COCH3
H
COCH3
H
COCH3
COCH3
(8)
COCH3
H
COCH3
H
H
COCH3
(9)
H
H
COCH3
H
H
COCH3
(10)
(11) R= -COCH3
(12) R=H
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
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Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 2, 21-45
(25)
(26)
Polygonum punctatum
Polygodial (1)[123].
(1)
Polygonum sachalinensis
Quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside
(1),
arabinopyranoside
(2),
lapathoside
D
quercetin-3-O(3),
N-trans-
feruloyltyramine (4), lapathoside C (5), hydropiperoside (6),
vanicoside B (7) [124], phenylacetonitrile (8), (E)-β-ocimene (9),
linalool (10), (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (11), (E,E)-αfarnesene (10) [125].
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
41
Mohamed et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 2, 21-45
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
Polygonum viscosum
3’,5-dihydroxy-3,4’,5 ‘,7-tet- ramethoxyfavone (1), quercetin 3-O-(6-feruloyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside (2), 4-isobutyl-6-methyl-5-oxo-3a,4,5,7atetrahydro- 1H-inden-13-oic acid (3) [15].
(3)
R1
R2
R3
(1)
Me
Me
Me
(2)
H
6-feruloyl- 𝛽 -D-galactopyranosyl
H
(4)
H
6-caffeoyl-𝛽 −D-galactopyranosyl
H
CONCLUSION
Although, an extensive amount of research work has been done on
some plants of this genus to date, the isolated compounds from this
genus are belong to terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, fatty acid,
cinnamic acid derivatives, steroids and alkaloids but some of species
are still chemically and/or pharmacologically unknown such as P.
flaccidum, P. glabrumP. lanatum, P.spectabile, P. stagninumP.
tinctorium, and P. viviparum. Consequently, a broad field of future
research remains possible in which the isolation of new active
principles from these species would be of great scientific merit.
However, the mechanism of their action is still unknown.
Hence, a detailed study is required to understand the structure–
activity relationship of these constituents. As literature showed,
many plant extracts having cytotoxic activity, antitumor,
antimicrobial,
antibacterial,
analgesic,
anti-inflammatory,
hypothermia, diuretic, and anti-oxidative activities, hence, the
particular constituent responsible for the activity may be isolated for
further process. In addition, some plant extracts were only screened
for their preliminary in vitroactivities; so, the advance clinical trial of
them deserves to be further investigated. Herein, we described the
possible applications in clinical research but further investigations
on phytochemical discovery and subsequent screenings are needed
for opening new opportunities to develop pharmaceuticals based on
Polygonum constituents.
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