Download CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2

Macromolecules
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Organic Compounds
• Compounds that contain CARBON
and Hydrogen are called organic.
• Macromolecules are large organic
molecules.
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Carbon (C)
• Carbon can form very stable
molecules. It is in all living
things.
• Carbon has 4 electrons in outer
shell.
• Carbon can form covalent bonds
with as many as 4 other atoms
(elements).
• Usually bonds with C, H, O or
N.
• Example: CH4(methane)
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Macromolecules
• Large organic molecules.
• Also called POLYMERS.
• Made up of smaller “building blocks”
called MONOMERS.
• Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
• Small sugar molecules to large
sugar molecules.
• There are 3 types of sugar
molecules
A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide
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Carbohydrates
The monomer (building block) of a
carbohydrate is a Monosaccharide:
one sugar unit
Examples:
glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribose
ribose
glucose
fructose
galactose
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Carbohydrates
Examples of Carbohydrates:
Disaccharide: two sugar unit
– Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
– Lactose (glucose+galactose)
– Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose
glucose
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Carbohydrates
Examples of Carbohydrates:
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
starch (bread, potatoes, pasta)
glycogen (beef, muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn, wood, paper)
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
cellulose
glucose
glucose
glucose
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glucose
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Carbohydrates
• Function of Carbohydrates
• Short term energy storage in
the cell.
• Building/Structural material
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Lipids
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Lipids
• Compounds that do not dissolve in water.
• Lipids are soluble (dissolve) in
hydrophobic (nonpolar) solvents.
• Examples:
1. Fats/Oils
2.
3.
4.
5.
Phospholipids
Waxes
Steroid hormones
Triglycerides
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Lipids
Six functions of lipids:
1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss
(insulation)
3. Protection against physical shock
4. Protection against water loss
5. Chemical messengers (hormones)
6. Major component of membranes
(phospholipids)
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Lipids
Triglycerides:
composed of 1 glycerol and 3
fatty acids.
H
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
fatty acids
H-C----O C-CH -CH -CH -CH
2
2
2
H
glycerol
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Fatty Acids
Lipids are the exception to the monomer rule
but most are made up of fatty acids.
There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see
these on food labels:
1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad)
saturated
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good)
unsaturated O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
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Proteins
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Proteins (Polypeptides)
• Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded
together by peptide bonds
• Proteins are also called polypeptides).
Functions
Examples of Proteins
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Storage:
albumin (egg white)
Transport:
hemoglobin
Regulatory:
hormones
Movement:muscles
Structural:
membranes, hair, nails
Enzymes:
cellular reactions
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Proteins (Polypeptides)
Four levels of protein structure:
A. Primary Structure
B. Secondary Structure
C. Tertiary Structure
D. Quaternary Structure
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Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded together by
peptide bonds (straight
chains)
Amino Acids (aa)
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
Peptide Bonds
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Secondary Structure
• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a
primary structure into coils and pleats
held together by hydrogen bonds.
• Two examples:
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen Bonds
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Tertiary Structure
• Secondary structures bent and folded
into a more complex 3-D arrangement
of linked polypeptides
• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide
bridges (S-S)
• Call a “subunit”.
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
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Quaternary Structure
•
•
•
•
Composed of 2 or more “subunits”
Globular in shape
Form in Aqueous environments
Example: enzymes, hemoglobin
subunits
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Nucleic
Acids
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Nucleic acids
• Functions
– Code for proteins
– Stores hereditary information
• Examples of Nucleic Acids:
– DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
– RNA Ribonucleic acid
– ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
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Nucleic acids
• The monomers of Nucleic Acids are
called Nucleotides.
• All nucleotides are made up of:
– A phosphate group
– A 5 carbon sugar
– A nitrogen base
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Nucleotide
Phosphate
Group
O
O=P O
O
5
CH2
O
N
C1
C4
Sugar
(deoxyribose or
ribose)
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C3
C2
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, T or U)
Adenine, Guanine
Cytosine,
Thymine (DNA) or
Uracil (RNA)
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DNA - double helix
5
O
3
Hydrogen Bonds
3
O
P
5
O
C
G
1
P
5
3
2
4
4
1
2
3
P
T
5
A
P
3
O
O
P
5
O
3
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5
P
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