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Chapter 11 THE BACTERIA • UNICELLULAR • LIGHT MICROSCOPIC - 0.2 - 2 MICROMETERS IN DIAMETER; 2 - 8 MICROMETERS IN LENGTH • CELL SHAPE AND ARRANGEMENT • PROCARYOTIC IN CELL STRUCTURE ANATOMY OF A TYPICAL BACTERIUM • THE GLYCOCALYX - CAPSULE AND SLIME LAYER – PRODUCED WITHIN THE CELL AND SECRETED EXTRACELLULARLY – CAPSULE • CARBOHYDRATE - POLYSACCHARIDE • WELL ORGANIZED • LAYED DOWN EVENLY AROUND THE CELL WALL • FIRMLY ATTACHED CAPSULE (CONT.) • NOT EASILY PENETRATED SLIME LAYER • NOT WELL ORGANIZED • EASILY PENETRATED ADVANTAGES OF HAVING A CAPSULE • ADHERENCE • NUTRITION SOURCE • PROTECTION – ANTIBIOTICS – IMMUNE SYSTEM – NUTRIENT AND WATER LOSS THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL • MAJOR COMPONENT OF MOST BACTERIAL CELLS • MAINTAINS THE SHAPE AND INTEGRITY OF THE CELL • PRESENT IN ALL PROCARYOTIC CELLS EXCEPT THE MYCOPLASMAS • MAJOR DIFFERENCES IN CELL WALLS DEMONSTRATED BY THE GRAM STAIN THE GRAM POSITIVE CELL WALL • SINGLE LAYER • UP TO 90% PEPTIDOGLYCAN THE GRAM NEGATIVE CELL WALL • SEVERAL LAYERS SEEN • INTERESTING CHARACTEIRTICS OF THE AMINO ACIDS SEEN IN PEPTIDOGLYCAN – D-AMINO ACID ISOMERS VS. L-AMINO ACID ISOMERS – DIAMINOPIMELIC ACID - AA FOUND ONLY IN PEPTIDOGLYCAN • INTERESTING CHEMICALS THAT AFFECT THE CELL WALL OF BACTERIA – PENICILLIN – LYSOZYME THE CELL MEMBRANE • SIMILAR TO THAT OF EUCARYOTES • 50% PROTEIN AND 50% LIPID IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION • ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TRANSPORT OBSERVED • DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE CELL MEMBRANES OF THE EUCABTERIA AND THE ARCHEOBACTERIA – OVERLAPPING LIPID LAYERS – DIFFERENT BONDING IN PHOSPHOLIPID MOLECULES CYTOPLASMIC CONTENTS CYTOPLASMIC CONTENTS • RIBOSOMES • STORAGE GRANULES – CARBON RESERVE • POLY-BETA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE • GLYCOGEN – VOLUTIN – SULFUR • ENDOSPORES THE NUCLEAR APARATUS • DNA • SINGLE CIRCULAR MOLECULE OF DOUBLE STRANDED DNA • EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA - PLASMIDS EXTERNAL STRUCTURES OF THE BACTERIAL CELL • FLAGELLA – CHEMICAL COMPOSITION - PROTEIN – ORGANELLE OF MOTILITY – DIAMETER IS BELOW THE RESOLVING POWER OF THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE – ARRANGEMENT • FIMBRIAE - ADHESION • PILUS - CONJUGATION CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT BACTERIA A VARIETY OF CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT BACTERIA AND THE DISEASES THEY CAUSE • RODS - ARRANGEMENT – ESCHERICHIA COLI – CLOSTRIDIUM – CORYNEBACTERIUM – MYCOBACTERIUM – LACTOBACILLUS – BACILLUS • COCCI - ARRANGEMENT – DIPLOCOCCI • NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE • NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS – STREPTOCOCCI • STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES • STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE • ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM - VRE (VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS) – TETRAD/SARCINAE - MICROCOCCUS LUTEUS – STAPHYLOCOCCI • STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS • STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS • STAPHYLOCOCCUS SAPROPHYTICUS • SPIRALS – VIBRIO - CURVED RODS - VIBRIO CHOLERAE – SPIROCHETES • TREPONEMA PALIDUM - SYPHILIS • BORRELIA BURGDORFERI - LYME DISEASE BACTERIAL DIVERSITY • A VARIETY OF CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT ATYPICAL BACTERIA – CHLAMYDIA • • • • OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES VERY SMALL - 1.5 X 0.2 MICROMETERS ENERGY PARASITES THREE CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT EXAMPLES: – CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS » STD » EYE DISEASE SEEN OFTEN IN THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES BACTERIAL DIVERSITY (CONT.) – CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI - PSITTACOSIS – CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE – RICKETTSIA • OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES • VERY SMALL - 0.8 X 2.0 MICROMETERS • TRAMSMITTED FROM HOST HOST BY A VECTOR - INSECTS AND TICKS – MYCOPLASMAS - IN THE FAMILY MYCOPLASMATACEAE • MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIEA • MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS
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