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Glycolysis & Cellular Respiration
Interconnection of photosynthesis & cellular
respiration
• ATP from Breakdown of Glucose to Carbon Dioxide &
Water
• Summary Reaction
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Glycolysis & Cellular Respiration
• Occurs in Four Steps
(F8.1 p. 133)
– Glycolysis in Cytoplasm
– Cellular Respiration in Mitochondrion
• Transport into Mitochondrion
• Krebs Cycle
• Electron Transport Chain
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
mitochondrion
inner
membrane
intermembrane
compartment
outer
membrane
matrix
glucose
cristae
Glycolysis
2 pyruvate
coenzyme A
(intermembrane
compartment)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(cytoplasm)
C C C C C C
glucose
Glycolysis
2
ATP
2 C C C
lactate
or
2 C C C
pyruvate
2 C C +2 C
Fermentation
ethanol CO2
C 2 CO2
Cellular respiration
C C
4 C CO2
2 acetyl CoA
Krebs
cycle
2 ATP
electron
carriers
Electron
transport chain
H2O
O2
(mitochondrion)
32 or 34 ATP
intermembrane
compartment
Glycolysis & Cellular Respiration
• Glycolysis
(F8.2 p. 133 & FE8.1 p. 134)
• Summary Reaction:
Glucose => CO2 + NADH + ATP
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
glucose
1 A glucose molecule is energized by the addition
of a high-energy phosphate from ATP.
glucose-6-phosphate
2 The molecule is slightly rearranged, forming fructose.
fructose-6-phosphate
3 A second phosphate is added from another ATP.
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
4 The resulting molecule, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate,
is split into two three-carbon molecules, one DHAP
(dihydroxacetone phosphate) and one G3P. Each
has one phosphate attached
5 DHAP rearranges into G3P. From now on, there
are two molecules of G3P going through the
identical reactions.
6 Each G3P undergoes two almost-simultaneous
reactions. Two electrons and a hydrogen ion are
donated to NAD+ to make the energized carrier
NADH, and an inorganic phosphate (P) is attached
to the carbon skeleton with a high-energy bond.
The resulting molecules of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
have two high-energy phosphates.
7 One phosphate from each bisphosphoglycerate
is transferred to ADP to form ATP, for a net of two
ATPs. This transfer compensates for the initial two
ATPs used in glucose activation.
8 After another rearrangement, the second phosphate
from each phosphoenolpyruvate is transferred to
ADP to form ATP, leaving pyruvate as the final
product of glycolysis. There is a net profit of two
ATPs from each glucose molecule.
DHAP
2P
G3P
2
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
2
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
2
phosphoglycerate
2
phosphoenolpyruvate
2
pyruvate
2
2
2
2
2
2
Glycolysis & Cellular Respiration
• Glycolysis:
– Glucose to Pyruvate
– Chemical Energy Released
NADH & ATP
• Fermentation
– Pyruvate to Lactate or Ethanol (F8.3 p.
– w/o O2 To Restore NADH: NAD ratio
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
135)
Glycolysis & Fermentation
C C C C C C
(cytoplasm)
glucose
2
Glycolysis
2 C C C
lactate
or
2 C C C
pyruvate
Fermentation
2 C C +2 C
ethanol
C 2 CO2
CO2
ATP
Glycolysis & Cellular Respiration
• Glycolysis:
– Glucose to Pyruvate
– Chemical Energy Released
NADH & ATP
• Fermentation
– Pyruvate to Lactate or Ethanol (F8.3 p.
– w/o O2 To Restore NADH: NAD ratio
135)
• All Biopolymers:
– Interconvertable
– Can Yield Energy
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(not all reversible – N for aas)
(FE8.2 p. 136)
(cytoplasm)
complex
carbohydrates
fats
glucose
glycerol
proteins
amino
acids
Glycolysis
fatty acids
pyruvate
acetyl
CoA
Krebs
cycle
electron
carriers
Electron
transport chain
synthesis
(mitochondrion)
breakdown
Glycolysis & Cellular Respiration
• Occurs in Four Steps
– Glycolysis
– Cellular Respiration in 3 Steps
• Transport into Mitochondrion
• Krebs Cycle
• Electron Transport Chain
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(F8.1 p. 133)
Glycolysis & Cellular Respiration
• Pyruvate Transport to Mitochondrial
Matrix
(F8.3 p.140,F8.5 p.139)
• Summary Reaction:
– Pyruvate => AcCoA + Carbon Dioxide
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
mitochondrion
inner
membrane
intermembrane
compartment
outer
membrane
matrix
glucose
cristae
Glycolysis
2 pyruvate
coenzyme A
(intermembrane
compartment)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
intermembrane
mitochondrion
compartment
inner
outer
membrane
membrane
matrix
glucose
cristae
Glycolysis
2 pyruvate
coenzyme A
ATP
(intermembrane
compartment)
ATP
H+
acetyl CoA
CO2
(cytoplasm)
H+
H+
ATP
ADP
H+
Krebs
cycle
(inner membrane)
H2O
1/2 O2
H+
H+
H+
H+
Electron transport
chain
(outer membrane)
2e–
2e–
2 H+
energized
electron
carriers
depleted carriers
(matrix)
CO2
Glycolysis & Cellular Respiration
• Krebs Cycle
• Summary Reaction:
AcCoA + FAD + NAD => CO2 + FADH + NADH
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
ATP
ATP
H+
acetyl CoA
CO2
(cytoplasm)
H+
H+
ADP
ATP
H+
1/2 O2
H+
H+
H+
H+
H2O
Krebs
cycle
(inner membrane)
2e–
2 H+
energized
electron
carriers
Electron
2e–
transport
chain
(outer membrane)
depleted carriers
(matrix)
CO2
Formation of
acetyl CoA
coenzyme A
3 NADH
3 NAD+
C CO2
acetyl CoA
pyruvate
NAD+
FADH2
coenzyme A
C C _ CoA
C C C
FAD
Krebs
cycle
2 C CO2
NADH
ADP
ATP
Glycolysis & Cellular Respiration
• Electron Transport Chain
(F8.6 pp. 141 & 2)
– Energy of NADH & FADH => Proton Gradient
– Chemiosmotic ATP Synthesis
– Oxygen Consumed
(low energy e-“dump”)
•
– Water Formed
– Summary Reaction
• FADH + NADH + O2 => H2O + ATP
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(matrix)
FADH2
NADH
NAD+
2e–
2e–
FAD
1/2 O2 + 2H+
H2O
electron
carriers
(inner
membrane)
H+
energy to drive
H+
ATP
(intermembrane compartment)
synthesis
H+
H+ ion channel within
ATP-synthesizing
enzyme
(matrix)
electron
transport chain
(inner
membrane)
(intermembrane
compartment)
(outer
membrane)
(cytoplasm)
NAD+
2 H+ 1/2 O2
H+
NADH
H+
2e–
H+
H+ H+
H2O
H+
ADP
ATP
(low H+
concentration)
H+
H+
(high H+
concentration)
H+
H+
H+