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S S Pd NP S1 Pd (0) + HS S S S S S S S S D S2 Gramicidin D consists of 15 alternating D- and L-amino acid residues and blocked at both ends with formyl and ethanolamine groups. The structure of gramicidin is: formyl-L-Val-Gly-L-Ala-DLeu-L-Ala-D-Val-L-Val-D-Val-L-Trp-D-Leu-L-Xxx-D-Leu-L-TrpD-Leu-L-Trp-ethanolamine, where Xxx is Trp in Gramicidin A, Phe in Gramicidin B, Tyr in Gramicidin C. Gramicidin is composed of three components: GrA, GrB, and GrC for 80%, 5%, and 15%, respectively. Most of the amino acids in gramicidin are hydrophobic and the alternative arrangement of D- and L- amino acids forming a helical dimmer (channel) with hydrophobic ext interior in lipid bilayers. pH effect on protein enrichment 250 Intensity 200 150 100 50 0 0 2 4 6 8 pH S3 10 12 14