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BIOMOLECULES
EQ: What are the structures and functions of
biomolecules?
Agenda:
1.
Biochemistry Notes
2.
LAB
Biomolecules
Essential Elements in living organisms:
C, H, O, N and P, S
Latin Roots:
Mono- = 1
Di- = 2
Poly- = many
-mer = part
-saccharide = sugar
-ose = sugar
Organic compounds have carbon-hydrogen
covalent bonds (ex: C6H12O6)
Inorganic do not (ex: NaCl, H2O)
H2O: most important
inorganic compound in living
things!
Most cellular processes take
place in water solutions;
universal solvent.
4 Organic macromolecules (or polymers):
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
Made of smaller “building blocks” called monomers
1. Carbohydrates: contain C, H, O in a
1:2:1 ratio
 Made by plants during photosynthesis
 Body’s primary source of energy
 Monomer (single unit): monosaccharide
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Monosaccharides- (simple sugars) are sweet!
Can exist as Isomers: same formula, different structure
Ex: glucose, fructose
Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides joined
together
Ex: table sugar (sucrose = fructose+glucose)
Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates)
Not sweet, chains of monosaccharide
Ex: Starch (bread, cereals, pasta)
Monomer: glucose
Function: Plant energy storage
Ex: Cellulose (plant cell walls)
Monomer: glucose (different bond than starch)
Function: Structure and support
Can’t be digested by humans(‘fiber’)
Ex: Chitin (fungi cell walls, exoskeletons of insects,
shrimp, lobsters)
Monomer: glucose
Function: Structure and support
Similar to cellulose but includes nitrogen
Ex. Glycogen
Glycogen is an energy storage form of glucose found in
the liver and skeletal muscle. It is broken down into
glucose when needed between meals or during
exercise.
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Elements: CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen)
Subunit: Amino
Acids (20)
Function:
1. Structure- build tissues (building blocks)
2. Enzymes- increase the rate of chemical reactions
(speeds up)
Examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
Monomer/Polymer & Diagram:
Amino acids (monomer) join together, with peptide
bonds, forming a protein (polymer).
Amino
Acid Examples
Monomer:
Amino Acids
are made up of
an amino group
a carboxyl group
and an “R” group which
varies in the different
amino acids
H
H
N
H
O
N
H
H C H
N
H
O
C C
OH
R
H
H
C C
OH
H
H
O
C C
H C H
H
OH
Alanine
Serine
OH
Uses: make up 15% of body mass
1. Storage: albumin (egg white, plasma)
2. Transport: hemoglobin
3. Regulatory: insulin
4. Movement: actin, myosin
5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails
6. Enzymes: amylase, DNA replication
EX. Enzymes
1. act
as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions
2. control thousands of chemical reactions
3. Substrate – chemical which enzyme works on
4. Active site – location on enzyme where substrate
binds
5. various factors such as temperature, pH,
and substrate concentration affect enzyme
activity
Sucrase - enzyme which helps the break down of sucrose
3. Lipids (fats,oils,waxes)
•
•
•
•
Made of C, H, O
Subunit (Monomer) = glycerol and fatty acids
Foods: butter, oils, anything fried
Function:
-long term energy storage
-Build biological membranes (cell membranes)
-Chemical Messengers
glycerol
H
H C O
and
3 fatty acids
Note the
molecular
structure’s “E”
shape
(Triglyceride)
O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H
H H H H H H
O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
C O
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H
H H H H H H
O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H C O
H
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H
H H H H H H
ex)Phospholipid
Ex) Steroids :
Cholesterol and
hormones
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Saturated (fat): solid at room temp; single bonds
w/hydrogen
Unsaturated (oil): have double bond, liquid at room temp
4. Nucleic Acids
•
•
•
Monomer: nucleotides (sugar, PO43-, N-base)
Use: instructions for making proteins
Ex: DNA, RNA
NITROGENOUS BASES
Function: bond nucleic acids together
Cytosine [C]
Thymine
[T]
Adenine
[A]
Uracil
[U]
Guanine [G]
Learning check:
A.
B.
C.
D.
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