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Document related concepts
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Transcript 
Chapter 6
Macromolecules
BioChemistry/Macromolecules
• Organic – Substances of plant and animal
origin
• Hydrocarbons (contains Carbon and
Hydrogen)
• Macro = Big molecules
Macromolecules
• Monomer = One “single”
unit
• Polymer = Larger molecules
made from “many”
monomers
• Macro = Big molecules
Carbon bonds readily with H, plus Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N),
Sulfur (S), Phosphorus (P)
Major elements of living things: CHOPKINS CaFe Mg
Energy Production - Energy is
released when large Carbon
molecules – Macromolecules
(“macro” = big) are broken down.
• Energy released • Carbohydrates
4 Calories / gram
(=kcal)
• Proteins
4 Calories / gram
• Lipids (Fats)
9 Calories/ gram
• Most easily burned = Carbohydrates
Macromolecules
• Monomer = One “single”
unit
• Polymer = Larger molecules
made from “many”
monomers
• Macro = Big molecules
Macromolecules – constructed
together and broken down from
basic units
• Basic units = Monomers (one)
Ex. Glucose, fatty acids, amino acids,
nucleotide
• Chains of units = Polymers (many)
Ex. Starch, Lipids, Proteins (polypeptide),
DNA and RNA
Build up / Breakdown
• Condensation
(synthesis ) reaction (polymerization)
• Formation of
complex molecules
by the removal of
water. Uses energy
(endothermic – “in”
“energy-heat”)
Ex.
Glucose + Glucose
Reactants
– H20
=
Maltose
Products
Build up / Breakdown
•
•
Condensation (synthesis )
reaction - (polymerization)
Formation of complex molecules
by the removal of water. Uses
energy (endothermic – “in”
“energy-heat”)
Ex.
Glucose + Glucose
Reactants
– H2 0
=
Maltose
Products
Build up / Breakdown
•
•
Condensation (synthesis )
reaction - (polymerization)
Formation of complex molecules
by the removal of water. Uses
energy (endothermic – “in”
“energy-heat”)
Ex.
Glucose + Glucose
Reactants
– H2 0
=
Maltose
Products
Condensation
(synthesis)
Glucose
Starch
Build up / Breakdown
• Hydrolysis (“water –
breaking”) reaction
• The breaking down
of complex organic
molecules by adding
water. Produces
energy (exothermic –
“out” “energy-heat”)
Ex.
Sucrose + H20 =
Glucose + Fructose
Build up / Breakdown
•
•
Hydrolysis (“water –
breaking”) reaction
The breaking down of
complex organic molecules by
adding water. Produces
energy (exothermic – “out”
“energy-heat”)
Ex.
Sucrose + H20 =
Glucose + Fructose
4 Types of
Macromolecules
1) Carbohydrates
• Most available
• All of the form
and readily used
Cx (H20)y
energy source.
• Includes sugar,
C6H12O6 =
starch, cellulose.
C6 (H2O)6
Carbohydrates
• Monomer (basic
unit)
• Glucose - C6H12O6
• Simplest sugar –
Important energy
source
• (Monosaccharide)
• Polymers
(Polysaccharides)
• Starch – plants
• Glycogen – animal
starch (100’s to
1000’s of glucose
molecules)
• Cellulose – Cell walls
of plants (support)
Source of carbohydrates – Fruits, vegetables, cereal (grains)
Sugar
Sweetness
fructose
173%
sucrose
100%
glucose
74%
maltose
33%
galactose
33%
lactose
16%
2) Proteins
• Common compounds in plants and
animals (50% body weight).
• Control chemical reactions (enzymes)
and building blocks for bodies of
organisms
Includes muscle, tendons, enzymes,
hemoglobin, hormones, toxins, hair, nails.
Protein
• Monomer
Amino Acids
(20 essential)
• Polymers
• Dipeptides (2 Amino
Acids)
• Polypeptides ( 100300 A.A.)
• Protein – Composed
of one or more
polypeptides
Protein
• Enzymes –
• Special proteins (catalysts) that change
the rate of chemical reactions. Speed up
reactions at lower temperatures.
Reacting molecule is called the Substrate.
Reaction rates depend on temperature,
pH, reactant amount, etc.
Enzymes –
• Ex
Maltase changes
(Enzyme)
Maltose
Substrate
Glucose + Glucose
Products
• Catalase changes
(enzyme)
Hydrogen peroxide
H2O2
= Water and Oxygen
H2O
O2
3) Lipids (Fats)
• Important energy source.
• Includes fats, oils, waxes,
steroids.
Lipids (Fats)
• Monomer –
Fatty Acids
• Polymers
• Triglycerides (fats, oils)
• Phospholipids
(cell membrane)
• Waxes
• Steroids (hormones –
cortisone, testosterone,
progesterone)
• Cholesterol ( insulation of
nerves and cell membrane)
Lipids
Phospholipids
4)Nucleic Acids
• Form long chains from 4
kinds of nucleotides
Nucleic Acids
• Monomer
• Polymer
Nucleotide
( sugar + phosphate +
base)
___________________
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Ribonucleic Acid
Adenosine Triphosphate
• DNA – code of life
passed from generation
to generation
• RNA – builds proteins
• ATP – Energy source for
all living things
(ATP
ADP + P)
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