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DeoxyriboNucleic Acid DNA Structure • DNA is made from repeating units called nucleotides • Nucleotides are made from 3 types of molecules: – Deoxyribose sugar – Phosphate group – Nucleic acid base (Nitrogen Base) Nucleic Acid Base • Four types – – – – A – adenine T – thymine C – cytosine G – guanine • A pairs with T • C pairs with G Purpose of DNA • Every Cell must have DNA, so the cell has information on it’s life functions • DNA is located in the nucleus, except prokaryotes • When a cell divides, this information must be copied, so an exact copy can be given to the new cell. Replication ATCCAGGCAAGA I I I I I I TAGGTCCGTTCT WEAK HYDROGEN BONDS Enzyme called DNA polymerase “unzips” the DNA strand by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds. As a result, there are two identical DNA strands ATCCAGGCAAGA I I I I I I TAGGTCCGTTCT WEAK HYDROGEN BONDS ATCCAGGCAAGA I I I I I I TAGGTCCGTTCT WEAK HYDROGEN BONDS Transcription and Translation • DNA is the molecule that codes for all cell activities. It does this by being the code to make proteins. • DNA is located in the nucleus but proteins are made out in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes. – Ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic reticulum. • Need a messenger known as RNA mRNA • DNA is written in RNA, this is called transcription • 3 major differences between DNA and RNA – DNA is double strand and RNA is a single strand – DNA uses A, T, C, G RNA uses A, C, G, U • (U stands for uracil) – DNA uses deoxyribose sugar RNA uses ribose sugar mRNA cont’d TACGTATCCATT ATGCATAGGTAA original DNA compliment strand Transcribe into mRNA in Nucleus AUGCAUAGGUAA codon mRNA Translate (make meaning) of the messenger RNA in Ribosome on Endoplasmic Reticulum methionine – histidine – argenine – stop Each codon codes for a particular amino acid. Amino acids build a protein molecule to carry out cells work. DNA Review 1. What is the name of the repeating units that makes up DNA? 2. What are the 3 molecules that make up these units? 3. Name and spell correctly the 4 nucleic acid bases, and show which pairs with which?